Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update (2024)

1. Theodorides VJ, Gyurik RJ, Kingsbury WD, Parish RC. Anthelmintic activity of albendazole against liver flukes, tapeworms, lung and intestinal roundworms. Experientia. 1976;32:702–703. doi:10.1007/BF01919842. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

2. Pene P, Mojon M, Garin JP, Coulaud JP, Rossignol JF. Albendazole: a new broad spectrum anthelmintic. Double-blind multicenter clinical trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1982;31:263–266. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1982.31.263. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

3. Dayan AD. Albendazole, mebendazole and praziquantel. Review of non-clinical toxicity and pharmaco*kinetics. Acta Trop. 2003;86:141–159. doi:10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00031-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

4. Brugmans JP, Theinpont DC, Wijngaarden IV, Vanparijs OF, Schuermans VL, Lauwers HL. Mebendazole in enterobiasis. Radiochemical and pilot clinical study in 1,278 subjects. JAMA. 1971;217:313–316. doi:10.1001/jama.1971.03190030039008. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

5. Pawluk SA, Roels CA, Wilby KJ, Ensom MHH. A review of pharmaco*kinetic drug-drug interactions with the anthelmintic medications albendazole and mebendazole. Clin Pharmaco*kinet. 2015;54:371–383. doi:10.1007/s40262-015-0243-9. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

6. Edwards G, Brechenridge AM. Clinical pharmaco*kinetics of anthelmintic drugs. Clin Pharmaco*kinet. 1988;15:67–93. doi:10.2165/00003088-198815020-00001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

7. Kern P. Echinococcus granulosus infection: clinical presentation, medical treatment and outcome. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2003;388:413–420. doi:10.1007/s00423-003-0418-y. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

8. Chai JY, Hong ST. Chemotherapy of intestinal nematode infections. J Korean Soc Chemother. 1985;3:119–129. [Google Scholar]

9. Chai JY. Recent advances in the use of anthelmintics for treating nematode infections. Infect Chemother. 2011;43:26–35. doi:10.3947/ic.2011.43.1.26. (in Korean). [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

10. Keiser J, Utzinger J. The drugs we have and the drugs we need against major helminth infections. Adv Parasitol. 2010;73:197–230. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(10)73008-6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

11. Hong ST. Albendazole and praziquantel: review and safety monitoring in Korea. Infect Chemother. 2018;50:1–10. doi:10.3947/ic.2018.50.1.1. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

12. Jamet D, Quinio D, Moalic E, Ianotto JC, Dalbies F, Guillerm G, Marion V, Berthou C, Nevez G. Systemic microsporidiosis and toxoplasmosis in a patient with T lymphocytic leukemia. Med Mal Infect. 2009;39:406–408. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2008.10.018. (in French). [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

13. Rim HJ, Joo KH, Lee JS, Wang JS. Anthelmintic effects of albendazole (Zentel®) against helminthic infections. Korean J Rural Med. 1984;9:67–73. (in Korean). https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198431462787922.page. [Google Scholar]

14. Pungpark S, Bunnag D, Harinasuta T. Albendazole in the treatment of opisthorchiasis and concomitant intestinal helminthic infections. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1984;15:44–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Keiser J, Utzinger J. Chemotherapy for major food-borne trematodes: a review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5:1711–1726. doi:10.1517/14656566.5.8.1711. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

16. Fan PC, Wu CC, Huang P, Yen CW. Determination of the minimum effective dosages of praziquantel, albendazole, and mebendazole against Clonorchis sinensis infection in rats. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2005;21:448–451. doi:10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70149-4. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

17. Khan W, Iqbal M, Dad O. Have we forgotten the threat posed by fascioliasis? A potential threat to public health. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49:814–815. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Xu LL, Jiang B, Duan JH, Zhuang SF, Liu YC, Zhu SQ, Zhang LP, Zhang HB, Xiao SH, Zhou XN. Efficacy and safety of praziquantel, tribendimidine and mebendazole in patients with co-infection of Clonorchis sinensis and other helminths. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3046. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003046. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

19. Jaroonvesama N, Charoenlarp K, Cross JH. Treatment of Opisthorchis viverrini with mebendazole. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1981;12:595–597. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Dugernier T, Geubel A, Bigaignon G, Cesbron JY, Coche E. Human fascioliasis: cure by mebendazole? A case report. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1986;10:513–516. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Rim HJ, Joo KH, Park HS. Anthelmintic effects of albendazole against Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infections. J Korean Soc Chemother. 1989;7:29–39. [Google Scholar]

22. Takayanagui OM, Odashima NS, Bonato PS, Lima JE, Lanchote VL. Medical management of neurocysticercosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12:2845–2856. doi:10.1517/14656566.2011.634801. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

23. Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Chen JX, Hattendorf J, Zhou H, Zhou XN. Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp.: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25003. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025003. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

24. Tamarozzi F, Nicoletti GJ, Neumayr A, Brunetti E. Acceptance of standardized ultrasound classification, use of albendazole, and long-term follow-up in clinical management of cystic echinococcosis: a systematic review. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2014;27:425–431. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000093. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

25. Qavi A, Garg RK, Malhotra HS, Jain A, Kumar N, Malhotra KP, Srivastava PK, Verma R, Sharma PK. Disseminated cysticercosis: clinical spectrum, Toll-like receptor-4 gene polymorphisms and role of albendazole. Medicine. 2016;95:e4882. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004882. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

26. Molina JM, Oksenhendler E, Beauvais B, Sarfati C, Jaccard A, Derouin F, Modaï J. Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Septata intestinalis in patients with AIDS: clinical features and response to albendazole therapy. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:245–249. doi:10.1093/infdis/171.1.245. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

27. Sak B, Brdíčková K, Holubová N, Květoňová D, Hlásková L, Kváč M. Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype III evinces a resistance to albendazole treatment in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64:e00058–20. doi:10.1128/AAC.00058-20. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

28. Darlan DM, Hartanto SJ, Rozi MF. The comparison of efficacy and side effect between albendazole and metronidazole in the management of giardiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EuroMeditter Biomed J. 2020;15:191–196. doi:10.3269/1970-5492.2020.15.45. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

29. Palos I, Moo-Puc R, Vique-Sánchez JL, Benítez-Cardoza CG, Monge A, Villalobos-Rocha JC, Paz-Gonzalez AD, Rivera G. Esters of quinolone-7-carboxylate-1,4-di-N-oxide as Trichom*onas vagin*lis triosephosphate isomerase inhibitors. Acta Pharm. 2021;71:485–495. doi:10.2478/acph.2021-0032. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

30. Sears SD, O’hare J. In vitro susceptibility of Trichom*onas vagin*lis to 50 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 1988;32:144–146. doi:10.1128/AAC.32.1.144. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

31. Cedillo-Rivera R, Muñoz O. In-vitro susceptibility of Giardia lamblia to albendazole, mebendazole and other chemotherapeutic agents. J Med Microbiol. 1992;37:221–224. doi:10.1099/00222615-37-3-221. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

32. Patziarka P, Bouche G, Meheus L, Sukhatme V, Sukhatme VP. Repurposing drugs in oncology (ReDO)-mebendazole as an anti-cancer agent. Ecancermedicalscience. 2014;8:443. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2014.44332. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

33. Castro LSEPW, Kviecinski MR, Ourique F, Parisotto EB, Grinevicius VMAS, Correia JFG, Filho DW, Pedrosa RC. Albendazole as a promising molecule for tumor control. Radix Biol. 2016;10:90–99. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.013. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

34. Guerini AE, Triggiani L, Maddalo M, Bonù ML, Frassine F, Baiguini A, Alghisi A, Tomasini D, Borghetti P, Pasinetti N, Bresciani R, Magrini SM, Buglione M. Mebendazole as a candidate for drug repurposing in oncology: an extensive review of current literature. Cancers. 2019;11:1284. doi:10.3390/cancers11091284. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

35. Son DS, Lee ES, Adunyah SE. The antitumor potentials of benzimidazole anthelmintics as repurposing drugs. Immun Netw. 2020;20:e29. doi:10.4110/in.2020.20.e29. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

36. Braithwaite PA, Thomas RJS, Thompson RCA. Hydatid disease: the alveolar variety in Australia. A case report with comment on the toxicity of mebendazole. Aust N Z J Surg. 1985;55:519–523. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1985.tb00935.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

37. Morris DL, Jourdan JL, Pougholami MH. Pilot study of albendazole in patients with advanced malignancy. Oncology. 2001;61:42–46. doi:10.1159/000055351. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

38. Pourgholami MH, Woon L, Almajd R, Akhter J, Bowery P, Morris DL. In vitro and in vivo suppression of growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by albendazole. Cancer Lett. 2001;165:43–49. doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00382-2. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

39. Moon SY, Baek YH, Lee SW. Drug induced liver injury by prophylactic administration of albendazole. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2019;73:360–364. doi:10.4166/kjg.2019.73.6.360. (in Korean). [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

40. Krücken J, Fraundorfer K, Mugisha JC, Ramünke S, Sifft KC, Geus D, Habarugira F, Ndoli J, Sendegeya A, Mukampunga C, Bayingana C, Aebischer T, Demeler J, Gahutu JB, Mockenhaupt FP, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Reduced efficacy of albendazole against Ascaris lumbricoides in Rwandan schoolchildren. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2017;7:262–271. doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.06.001. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

41. Rashwan N, Bourguinat C, Keller K, Gunawardena NK, de Silva N, Prichard R. Isothermal diagnostic assays for monitoring single nucleotide polymorphisms in Necator americanus associated with benzimidazole drug resistance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:e0005113. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005113. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

42. Moser W, Schindler C, Keiser J. Drug combinations against soil-transmitted helminth infections. Adv Parasitol. 2019;103:91–115. doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2018.08.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

43. Moser W, Schindler C, Keiser J. Efficacy of recommended drugs against soil transmitted helminths: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2017;358:j4307. doi:10.1136/bmj.j4307. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

44. Soukhathammavong PA, Sayasone S, Phongluxa K, Xayaseng V, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P, Hatz C, Akkhavong K, Keiser J, Odermatt P. Low efficacy of single-dose albendazole and mebendazole against hookworm and effect on concomitant helminth infection in Lao PDR. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1417. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001417. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

45. World Health Organization. WHO Model Prescribing Information: Drugs Used in Parasitic Diseases. 2nd ed. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 1995. pp. 1–146. [Google Scholar]

46. Chai JY, Sohn WM, Hong SJ, Jung BK, Hong S, Cho S, Park JB, Kim IS, Kim S, Lee KH, Jeoung HG, Htoon TT, Tin HH. Effect of mass drug administration with a single dose of albendazole on Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection among schoolchildren in Yangon Region, Myanmar. Korean J Parasitol. 2020;58:195–200. doi:10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.195. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

47. Chaia G, Sales da Cunha A. Therapeutic action of mebendazole (R 17,635) against human helminthiasis. Fôlha Med. 1971;63:843–852. [Google Scholar]

48. Chavarría AP, Swartzwelder JC, Villarejos VM, Zeledón R. Mebendazole, an effective broad-spectrum anthelmintic. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1973;22:592–595. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1973.22.592. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

49. Seo BS, Cho SY, Chai JY. Reduced single dose of mebendazole in treatment of Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Korean J Parasitol. 1978;16:21–25. doi:10.3347/kjp.1978.16.1.21. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

50. Abadi K. Single dose mebendazole therapy for soil-transmitted nematodes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:129–133. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.129. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

51. Pene P, Coulaud JP, Soula G, Rossignol JF, Monges P, Chaudet H. Le Zentel® dans traitement des helminthiases intestinales en Afrique de l’Ouest. Méd Afr Noire. 1982;29:43–48. (in French) [Google Scholar]

52. Soula G, Stopathis RM. Le Zentel® dans le traitement des nématodoses intestinales en République Centrafricaine. Méd Afr Noire. 1982;29:29–32. (in French) [Google Scholar]

53. Horton J. Albendazole: a review of anthelmintic efficacy and safety in humans. Parasitology. 2000;121(suppl):113–132. doi:10.1017/s0031182000007290. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

54. Seo BS, Cho SY, Kang SY, Chai JY. Anthelmintic efficacy of methyl-5-benzoylbenzimidazle-2-carbamate (mebendazole) against multiple helminthic infections. Korean J Parasitol. 1977;15:11–16. doi:10.3347/kjp.1977.15.1.11. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

55. Sinniah B, Sinniah D, Dissanaike AS. Asian Parasite Control Organization Research Group, editor. Collected Papers on the Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases by Asian Parasite Control Organization (APCO) Tokyo, Japan: The Asian Parasite Control Organization; 1980. Treatment of intestinal nematodes with single dose treatment of oxantel-pyrantel pamoate plus mebendazole; pp. 321–325. [Google Scholar]

56. Coulaud JP, Duchatelle C, Rouvillois A, Deluol AM. Le Zentel® dans le traitement des helminthiases intestinales, au Niger, en Guinée et à Paris. Méd Afr Noire. 1982;29:41–42. (in French) [Google Scholar]

57. Kim CH. Clinical trials of mebendazole (Vermox) on Ascaris and Trichuris infection. Chungnam Med J. 1975;2:207–211. (in Korean) [Google Scholar]

58. Seo BS, Lee SH, Chai JY, Hong ST, Hong SJ. Efficacy of mebendazole in treatment and control of trichuriasis in Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 1983;21:95–101. doi:10.3347/kjp.1983.21.1.95. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

59. Henriquez-Camacho C, Gottuzzo E, Echevarria J, White AC, Jr, Terashima A, Samalvides F, Pérez-Molina JA, Plana MN. Ivermectin versus albendazole or thiabendazole for Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Cochrane Datab Syst Rev. 2016;2016:CD007745. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007745.pub3. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

60. Hong SJ, Han JH. A case of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Korean J Parasitol. 1999;37:117–120. doi:10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.117. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

61. Echazú A, Juarez M, Vargas PA, Cajal SP, Cimino RO, Heredia V, Caropresi S, Paredes G, Arias LM, Abril M, Gold S, Lammie P, Krolewiecki AJ. Albendazole and ivermectin for control of soil-transmitted helminths in an area with high prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm in northwestern Argentina: a community-based pragmatic study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0006003. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006003. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

62. Chai JY, Hong ST, Sohn WM, Lee SH. Anthelmintic effect of albendazole (Alzental@) on human intestinal nematodes. J Korean Soc Chemother. 1986;4:86–88. (in Korean) [Google Scholar]

63. St Georgiev V. Chemotherapy of enterobiasis (oxyuriasis) Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001;2:267–275. doi:10.1517/14656566.2.2.267. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

64. Cho SY, Ahn YR, Ryang YS, Seo BS. Evaluation of anthelmintic treatment on Enterobius vermicularis infection in highly endemic population by prolonged observation. Korean J Parasitol. 1977;15:100–108. doi:10.3347/kjp.1977.15.2.100. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

65. Hong ST, Chai JY, Cho SY, Seo BS, Yun CK. Efficacy of repeated chemotherapy in control of Enterobius vermicularis infection. Seoul J Med. 1979;20:163–168. https://snucm.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/efficacy-of-repeated-chemotherapy-in-control-of-enterobius-vermic. [Google Scholar]

66. Steinmann P, Zhou XN, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Xiao SH, Wu ZX, Zhou H, Utzinger J. Tribendimidine and albendazole for treating soil-transmitted helminths, Strongyloides stercoralis and Taenia spp.: open-label randomized trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2:e322. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000322. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

67. Soh CT, Lee BH, Min DY, Chang SJ, Lee JH. Clinical trial of Vermox (mebendazole), a new broadspectrum anthelmintic. Yonsei Rep Trop Med. 1974;5:148–152. [Google Scholar]

68. Chavarria AP, Villarejos VM, Zeledón R. Mebendazole in the treatment of taeniasis solium and taeniasis saginata. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1977;26:118–120. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.118. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

69. Chai JY. Praziquantel treatment in trematode and cestode infections: an update. Infect Chemother. 45:32–43. doi:10.3947/ic.2013.45.1.32. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

70. Rossignol JF, Maisonneuve H. Albendazole: placebo-controlled study in 870 patients with intestinal helminthiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1983;77:707–711. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(83)90211-0. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

71. Keystone JS, Murdocch JK. Mebendazole. Ann Intern Med. 1979;91:582–586. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-91-4-582. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

72. Kong L, Peng HJ. Current epidemic situation of human toxocariasis in China. Adv Parasitol. 2020;109:433–448. doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.016. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

73. Nicholas WL, Stewart AC. The action of benzimidazoles on the larval stage of Toxocara canis in the mouse. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1979;73:57–62. doi:10.1080/00034983.1979.11687227. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

74. Stürchler D, Schubarth P, Gualzata M, Gottstein B, Oettli A. Thiabendazole vs. albendazole in treatment of toxocariasis: a clinical trial. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1989;83:473–478. doi:10.1080/00034983.1989.11812374. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

75. Barisani-Asenbauer T, Maca SM, Hauff W, Kaminski SL, Domanovits H, Theyer I, Auer H. Treatment of ocular toxocariasis with albendazole. J Ocul Pharmacol Therapeut. 2001;17:287–294. doi:10.1089/108076801750295317. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

76. Anonymous. Drugs for parasitic infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2004;1189:1–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Singer OC, Conrad F, Jahnke K, Hattingen E, Auer H, Steinmetz H. Severe meningoencephalomyelitis due to CNS-toxocarosis. J Neurol. 2011;258:696–698. doi:10.1007/s00415-010-5807-x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

78. Feske SK, Goldberg M, Dudzinski DM, Gonzalez RG, Kovach AE. Case 29-2015: a 38-year-old pregnant woman with headache and visual symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1154–1164. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc1404335. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

79. Melliou M, Mavridis IN, Pyrgelis ES, Agapiou E. Toxocariasis of the nervous system. Acta Parasitol. 2020;65:291–299. doi:10.2478/s11686-019-00166-1. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

80. Hombu A, Yoshida A, Kikuchi T, Nagayasu E, Kuroki M, Maruyama H. Treatment of larva migrans syndrome with long-term administration of albendazole. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2019;52:100–105. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2017.07.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

81. Magnaval JF. Comparative efficacy of diethylcarbamazine and mebendazole for treatment of human toxocariasis. Parasitology. 1995;110:529–533. doi:10.1017/S0031182000065240. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

82. Coulaud JP, Binet D, Voyer C, Samson C, Moreau G, Rossignol JF. Treatment of cutaneous larva migrans “Larbish’ with albendazole: report of 18 cases. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1982;75:534–537. (in French) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Thadchanamoorthy V, Dayasiri K. Cutaneous larvae migrans infestation over buttocks and perianal region: a case series of five toddlers from Sri Lanka and literature review. Cureus. 2020;12:e11335. doi:10.7759/cureus.11335. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

84. Mulia RC, Djawad K, Adriani A, Idrus I. Office-made 4% albendazole cream is an effective alternative therapy for cutaneous larva migrans: a report of three cases. Serbian J Dermatol Venerol. 2020;12:9–13. doi:10.2478/sjdv-2020-0002. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

85. Tan SK, Liu TT. Cutaneous larva migrans complicated by Löffler syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146:210–212. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.392. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

86. Sohn WM, Chai JY. Chapter 63. Anisakiosis (Anisakidosis). Part 4. Parasitic zoonoses. In: Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Torgerson P, Brown DWG, editors. Oxford Textbook of Zoonoses: Biology, Clinical Practice, and Public Health Control. 2nd ed. Oxford Univ Press; London, UK: 2011. pp. 776–788. [Google Scholar]

87. Lim H, Jung BK, Cho J, Yooyen T, Shin EH, Chai JY. Molecular diagnosis of cause of anisakiasis in humans, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:342–344. doi:10.3201/eid2102.140798. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

88. Moore DAJ, Girdwood RWA, Chiodini PL. Treatment of anisakiasis with albendazole. Lancet. 2002;360:54. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09333-9. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

89. Pacios E, Arias-Diaz J, Zuloaga J, Gonzalez-Armengol J, Villarroel P, Balibrea JL. Albendazole for the treatment of anisakiasis ileus. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1825–1826. doi:10.1086/498309. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

90. Baptista-Fernandes T, Rodrigues M, Castro I, Paixão P, Pinto-Marques P, Roque L, Belo S, Ferreira PM, Mansinho K, Toscano C. Human gastric hyperinfection by Anisakis simplex: a severe and unusual presentation and a brief review. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;64:38–41. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.08.012. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

91. Guardone L, Armani A, Nucera D, Costanzo F, Mattiucci S, Bruschi F. Human anisakiasis in Italy: a retrospective epidemiological study over two decades. Parasite. 2018;25:41. doi:10.1051/parasite/2018034. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

92. Maggi P, Caputi-Lambrenghi O, Scardigno A, Scoppetta L, Saracino A, Valente M, Pastore G, Angarano G. Gastrointestinal infection due to Anisakis simplex in southern Italy. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000;16:75–78. doi:10.1023/a:1007617002972. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

93. Moschella CM, Mattiucci S, Mingazzini P, De Angelis G, Assenza M, Lombardo F, Monaco S, Paggi L, Modini C. Intestinal anisakiasis in Italy: case report. J Helminthol. 2004;78:271–273. doi:10.1079/JOH2004237. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

94. Gómez-Mateos M, Arrebola F, Navarro MC, Romero MC, González JM, Valero A. Acute anisakiasis: pharmacological evaluation of various drugs. Dig Dis Sci. 2021;66:105–113. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06144-2. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

95. McCracken RO. Efficacy of mebendazole and albendazole against Trichinella spiralis in mice. J Parasitol. 1978;64:214–219. doi:10.2307/3279659. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

96. Fourestié V, Bougnoux ME, Ancelle T, Liance M, Roudot-Thoraval F, Naga H, Pairon-Pennachioni M, Rauss A, Lejonc JL. Randomized trial of albendazole versus tiabendazole plus flubendazole during an outbreak of human trichinellosis. Parasitol Res. 1988;75:36–41. doi:10.1007/BF00931188. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

97. Cabié A, Bouchaud O, Houzé S, Khuong MA, Ruggeri C, Ancelle T, Matheron S, Coulaud JP. Albendazole versus thiabendazole as therapy for trichinosis: a retrospective study. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:1033–1035. doi:10.1093/clinids/22.6.1033. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

98. Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:127–145. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

99. Dupouy-Camet J, Kociecka W, Bruschi F, Bolas-Fernandez F, Pozio E. Opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of human trichinellosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2002;3:1117–1130. doi:10.1517/14656566.3.8.1117. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

100. Bruschi F, Murrell KD. Chapter 119. Trichinellosis. Part 6. Helminthic infections. In: Strickland GT, Hunter GW, editors. Hunter’s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, USA: Saunders; 2000. pp. 882–884. [Google Scholar]

101. López-García ML, Torrado S, Torrado S, Martínez AR, Bolás F. Methimazole-mediated enhancement of albendazole oral bioavailability and anthelmintic effects against parenteral stages of Trichinella spiralis in mice: the influence of the dose-regime. Vet Parasitol. 1998;75:209–219. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00177-5. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

102. Kalaiselvan R, Mohanta GP, Madhusudan S, Manna PK, Manavalan R. Enhancement of bioavailability and anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole by solid dispersion and cyclodextrin complexation techniques. Pharmazie. 2007;62:604–607. doi:10.1691/ph.2007.8.6274. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

103. Eid RK, Ashour DS, Essa EA, El Maghraby GM, Arafa MF. Chitosan coated nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced in vivo efficacy of albendazole against Trichinella spiralis. Carbohyd Polym. 2020;232:115826. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115826. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

104. Fernando SSE, Denham DA. The effects of mebendazole and fenbendazole on Trichinella spiralis in mice. J Parasitol. 1976;62:874–876. doi:10.2307/3279176. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

105. Sonnet JJ, Theinpont D. The treatment of trichinosis with mebendazole. Int J Clin Lab Med. 1977;32:297–302. doi:10.1080/17843286.1977.11717878. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

106. Levin ML. Treatment of trichinosis with mebendazole. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983;32:980–983. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.980. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

107. Pozio E, Sacchini D, Sacchi L, Tamburrini A, Alberici F. Failure of mebendazole in the treatment of humans with Trichinella spiralis infection at the stage of encapsulating larvae. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:638–642. doi:10.1086/318707. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

108. Cheetham RF, Markus MB. Drug treatment of experimental Capillaria hepatica infection in mice. Parasitol Res. 1991;77:517–520. doi:10.1007/BF00928420. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

109. Choe GY, Lee HS, Seo JK, Chai JY, Lee SH, Eom KS, Chi JG. Hepatic capillariasis: first case report in Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;48:610–625. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.610. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

110. Sawamura R, Fernandes MI, Peres LC, Galvão LC, Goldani HA, Jorge SM, de Melo Rocha G, de Souza NM. Hepatic capillariasis in children: report of 3 cases in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;61:642–647. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.642. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

111. Dubey A, Bagchi A, Sharma D, Dey A, Nandy K, Sharma R. Hepatic capillariasis-drug targets. Infect Disord Drug Targ. 2018;18:3–10. doi:10.2174/1871526517666170427124254. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

112. Cross JH, Basaca-Sevilla V. Albendazole in the treatment of intestinal capillariasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1987;18:507–510. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. Lee SH, Hong ST, Chai JY, Kim WH, Kim YT, Song IS, Kim SW, Choi BI, Cross JH. A case of intestinal capillariasis in the Republic of Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;48:542–546. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.542. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

114. Hong ST, Kim YT, Choe GY, Min YI, Cho SH, Kim JK, Kook J, Chai JY, Lee SH. Two cases of intestinal capillariasis in Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 1994;32:43–48. doi:10.3347/kjp.1994.32.1.43. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

115. Bair MJ, Hwang KP, Wang TE, Liou TC, Lin SC, Kao CR, Wang TY, Pang KK. Clinical features of human intestinal capillariasis in Taiwan. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:2391–2393. doi:10.3748/wjg.v10.i16.2391. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

116. Soukhathammavong P, Sayasone S, Harimanana AN, Akkhavong A, Thammasack S, Phoumindr N, Choumlivong K, Choumlivong K, Keoluangkhot V, Phongmany S, Akkhavong K, Hatz C, Strobel M, Odermatt P. Three cases of intestinal capillariasis in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:735–738. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.735. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

117. Rana SS, Bhasin DK, Bhatti HS, Gupta K, Gupta R, Nada R, Nagi B, Sinha SK, Singh K. Human intestinal capillariasis: diagnosis by jejunal fluid analysis obtained at enteroscopy and reversal of subtotal villous atrophy after treatment. Endoscopy. 2009;41(suppl):102–103. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1119609. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

118. Sadaow L, Sanpool O, Intapan PM, Sukeepaisarnjaroen W, Prasongdee TK, Maleewong W. A hospital-based study of intestinal capillariasis in Thailand: clinical features, potential clues for diagnosis, and epidemiological characteristics of 85 patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:27–31. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0465. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

119. Alcantara AK, Uylangco CV, Cross JH. An obstinate case of intestinal capillariasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1985;16:410–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120. Hoghooghi-Rad N, Maraghi S, Narenj-Zadeh A. Capillaria philippinensis infection in Khoozestan province, Iran: case report. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987;37:135–137. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.135. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

121. Dronda F, Chaves F, Sanz A, Lopez-Velez R. Human intestinal capillariasis in an area of nonendemicity: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:909–912. doi:10.1093/clinids/17.5.909. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

122. Mansour NS, Anis MH, Mikhail EM. Human intestinal capillariasis in Egypt. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84:114. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(90)90398-X. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

123. Hwang KP, Chen ER. Clinical studies on angiostrongyliasis cantonensis among children in Taiwan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1991;22(suppl):194–199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

124. Wang X, Huang H, Dong Q, Lin Y, Wang Z, Li F, Nawa Y, Yoshimura K. A clinical study of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by angiostrongyliasis. Chin Med J. 2002;115:1312–1315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

125. Chotmongkol V, Wongjitrat C, Sawadpanit K, Sawanyawisuth K. Treatment of eosinophilic meningitis with a combination of albendazole and corticosteroid. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004;35:172–174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. Wang J, Qi H, Diao Z, Zheng X, Li X, Ma S, Ji A, Yin C. An outbreak of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis in Beijing. J Parasitol. 2010;96:377–381. doi:10.1645/GE-2214-1. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

127. Federspiel F, Skovmand S, Skarphedinsson S. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Europe. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;93:28–39. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.012. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

128. Tsai HC, Liu YC, Kunin CM, Lee SS, Chen YS, Lin HH, Tsai TH, Lin WR, Huang CK, Yen MY, Yen CM. Eosinophilic meningitit* caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis: report of 17 cases. Am J Med. 2001;111:109–114. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010975. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

129. Chotmongkol V, Sawadpanitch K, Sawanyawisuth K, Louhawilai S, Limpawattana P. Treatment of eosinophilic meningitis with a combination of prednisolone and mebendazole. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:1122–1124. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.1122. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

130. Leone S, De Marco M, Ghirga P, Nicastri E, Esposito M, Narciso P. Eosinophilic meningitis in a returned traveler from Santo Domingo: case report and review. J Travel Med. 2007;14:407–410. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2007.00152.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

131. Hermes CC, Benvegnú E, Costa MM, Rodriguez R, Vieira MIB. Abdominal angiostrongyliasis: pathologic findings in Swiss mice infected with different doses of Angiostrongylus costaricensis. J Helminthol. 2020;94:e169. doi:10.1017/S0022149X20000516. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

132. Dekumyoy P, Watthanakulpanich D. Chapter 121. Gnathostomiasis. Part 6. Helminthic Infections. In: Ryan ET, Hill DR, Solomon T, Aronson NE, Endy TP, editors. Hunter’s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10th ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier; 2020. pp. 888–890. [Google Scholar]

133. Kraivichian K, Kulkumthorn M, Yingyourd P, Akarabovorn P, Paireepai CC. Albendazole for the treatment of human gnathostomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:418–421. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(92)90248-B. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

134. Nontasut P, Bussaratid V, Chullawichit S, Charoensook N, Visetsuk K. Comparison of ivermectin and albendazole treatment for gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000;31:374–377. https://www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2000_31_2/29-2490.pdf. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

135. Nontasut P, Claesson BA, Dekumyoy P, Pakdee W, Chullawichit S. Double-dose ivermectin vs albendazole for the treatment of gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36:650–652. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

136. Kraivichian K, Nuchprayoon S, Sitichalernchai P, Chaicumpa W, Yentakam S. Treatment of cutaneous gnathostomiasis with ivermectin. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:623–628. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.623. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

137. Haddad V, Junior, Oliveira ÍF, Bicudo NP, Marques MEA. Gnathostomiasis acquired after consumption of raw freshwater fish in the Amazon region: a report of two cases in brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2021;54:e20200127. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0127-2020. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

138. Chai JY, Han ET, Shin EH, Park JH, Chu JP, Hirota M, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Nawa Y. An outbreak of gnathostomiasis among Korean emigrants in Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;69:67–73. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.67. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

139. Vanegas ES, Cendejas RF, Mondragón A. A 41-year-old woman with migratory panniculitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:786–787. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0318. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

140. Sharma C, Piyaphanee W, Watthanakulpanich D. Case report: clinical features of intermittent migratory swelling caused by gnathostomiasis with complete follow-up. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97:1611–1615. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0239. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

141. Herman JS, Chiodini PL. Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:484–492. doi:10.1128/CMR.00003-09. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

142. Raharisoa A, Izri A, Andrianjafy RL, Rajaona RA, Marteau A, Durand R, Akhoundi M. Autochthonous gnathostomiasis in Madagascar. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:1875–1877. doi:10.3201/eid2608.200383. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

143. Eberhard ML, Busillo C. Human Gongylonema infection in a resident of New York City. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;61:51–52. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.51. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

144. Wilson ME, Lorente CA, Allen JE, Eberhard ML. Gongylonema infection of the mouth in a resident of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:1378–1380. doi:10.1086/319991. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

145. Ayala MA, Yencha MW. Gongylonema a parasitic nematode of the oral cavity. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;138:1082–1084. doi:10.1001/2013.jamaoto.386. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

146. Waisberg V, Lima WDS, Vasconcelos-Santos DV. Intraocular Gongylonema infection: first case in humans. Ocul Immunol Inflam. 2016;26:595–597. doi:10.1080/09273948.2016.1232739. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

147. Xiaodan L, Zhensheng W, Ying H, Hongwei L, Jiangqiu J, Peiru Z, Sha S, Zhimin Y. Gongylonema pulchrum infection in the human oral cavity: a case report and literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;125:e49–e53. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2017.11.019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

148. Libertin CR, Reza M, Peterson JH, Lewis J, Hata DJ. Human Gongylonema pulchrum infection: esophageal symptoms and need for prolonged albendazole therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;96:873–875. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0852. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

149. Kudo N, Kubota H, Gotoh H, Ishida H, Ikadai H, Oyamada T. Efficacy of thiabendazole, mebendazole, levamisole and ivermectin against gullet worm, Gongylonema pulchrum: in vitro and in vivo studies. Vet Parasitol. 2008;151:46–52. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.10.005. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

150. do Vale B, Lopes AP, Fontes MC, Silvestre M, Cardoso L, Coelho AC. Thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda in Europe in the 21st century-a review. Vet Parasitol. 2019;275:108957. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108957. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

151. Calero-Bernal R, Sánchez-Murillo JM, Alarcón-Elbal PM, Sánchez-Moro J, Latrofa MS, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Resolution of canine ocular thelaziosis in avermectin-sensitive Border Collies from Spain. Vet Parasitol. 2014;200:203–206. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.014. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

152. Sharma M, Das D, Bhattacharjee H, Islam S, Deori N, Bharali G, Tomar S, Bhola P, Deka A. Human ocular thelaziasis caused by gravid Thelazia callipaeda-a unique and rare case report. Ind J Ophthalmol. 2019;67:282–285. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1110_18. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

153. Müllner A, Helfer A, Kotlyar D, Oswald J, Efferth T. Chemistry and pharmacology of neglected helminthic diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18:767–789. doi:10.2174/092986711794480096. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

154. Eberhard ML, Brandt FH, Ruiz-Tiben E, Hightower A. Chemoprophylactic drug trials for treatment of dracunculiasis using the Dracunculus insignis-ferret model. J Helminthol. 1990;64:79–86. doi:10.1017/S0022149X00011962. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

155. Escobedo F, Penagos P, Rodriguez J, Sotelo J. Albendazole therapy for neurocysticercosis. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:738–741. doi:10.1001/archinte.1987.00370040120021. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

156. Sotelo J, Escobedo F, Oenagos P. Albendazole vs praziquantel for therapy for neurocysticercosis. A controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:532–534. doi:10.1001/archneur.1988.00520290064015. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

157. Alarcón F, Escalante L, Duefias G, Montalvo M, Román M. Neurocysticercosis. Short course of treatment with albendazole. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:1231–1236. doi:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520470099034. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

158. Sotelo J, Jung H. Pharmaco*kinetic optimization of the treatment of neurocysticercosis. Clin Pharmaco*kinet. 1998;34:503–515. doi:10.2165/00003088-199834060-00006. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

159. García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, Takayanagui OM, White AC, Jr, Botero D, Rajshekhar V, Tsang VC, Schantz PM, Allan JC, Flisser A, Correa D, Sarti E, Friedland JS, Martinez SM, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH, Del Brutto OH. Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:747–756. doi:10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

160. del Brutto OH, Sotelo J. Albendazole therapy for subarachnoid and ventricular cysticercosis-case report. J Neurosurg. 1990;72:816–817. doi:10.3171/jns.1990.72.5.0816. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

161. Arroyo G, Bustos JA, Lescano AG, Gonzales I, Saavedra H, Rodriguez S, Pretell EJ, Bonato PS, Lanchote VL, Takayanagui OM, Horton J, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH, Garcia HH Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru . Albendazole sulfoxide plasma levels and efficacy of antiparasitic treatment in patients with parenchymal neurocysticercosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69:1996–2002. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz085. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

162. Schmidt DK, Jordaan HF, Schneider JW, Cilliers J. Cerebral and subcutaneous cysticercosis treated with albendazole. Int J Dermatol. 1995;34:574–579. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1995.tb02959.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

163. Surve A, Goel S, Bajaj MS, Pujari A. Extraocular muscle cysticercosis: never skip steroids. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:1–2. https://10.1136/bcr-2017-223356. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

164. Palomares-Alonso F, Toledo A, Palencia Hernández G, Jung-Cook H, Fleury A. Effect of dexamethasone on albendazole cysticidal activity in experimental cysticercosis by Taenia crassiceps in BALB/c mice: in vivo and in vitro evaluation. Exp Parasitol. 2020;208:107801. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107801. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

165. Cook GC. Use of benzimidazole chemotherapy in human helminthiases: indications and efficacy. Parasitol Today. 1990;6:133–136. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(90)90232-S. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

166. Heath DD, Christie MJ, Chevis RAF. The lethal effect of mebendazole on secondary Echinococcus granulosus, cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis and tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti. Parasitology. 1975;70:273–285. doi:10.1017/S0031182000049738. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

167. Francisca PA, Javier LF, Guadalupe PH, Fernanda GM, Nelly C, Helgi JC, Iliana GH, Susana RTI. Cysticidal activity of praziquantel-mebendazole combination: in vitro and in vivo studies. Acta Trop. 2019;202:105238. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105238. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

168. Hemphill A, Stadelmann B, Rufener R, Spiliotis M, Boubaker G, Müller J, Müller N, Gorgas D, Gottstein B. Treatment of echinococcosis: albendazole and mebendazole-what else? Parasite. 2014;21:70. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014073. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

169. Velasco-Tirado V, Alonso-Sardón M, Lopez-Bernus A, Romero-Alegría Á, Burguillo FJ, Muro A, Carpio-Pérez A, Muñoz Bellido JL, Pardo-Lledias J, Cordero M, Belhassen-García M. Medical treatment of cystic echinococcosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:306. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3201-y. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

170. Saimot AG, Meulemans A, Cremieux AC, Giovanangeli MD, Hay JM, Delaitre B, Coulaud JP. Albendazole as a potential treatment for human hydatidosis. Lancet. 1983;322:652–656. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92533-3. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

171. Morris DL, Dykes PW, Dickson B, Marriner SE, Bogan JA, Burrows FGO. Albendazole in hydatid disease. Br Med J. 1983;286:103–104. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6359.103-a. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

172. Todorov T, Vutova K, Mechkov G, Georgiev P, Petkov D, Tonchev Z, Nedelkov G. Chemotherapy of human cystic echinococcosis: comparative efficacy of mebendazole and albendazole. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1992;86:59–66. doi:10.1080/00034983.1992.11812631. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

173. Horton RJ. Albendazole in treatment of human cystic echinococcosis: 12 years of experience. Acta Trop. 1997;64:79–93. doi:10.1016/S0001-706X(96)00640-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

174. Horton J. Albendazole for the treatment of echinococcosis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2003;17:205–212. doi:10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00171.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

175. Falagas ME, Bliziotis IA. Albendazole for the treatment of human echinococcosis: a review of comparative clinical trials. Am J Med Sci. 2007;334:171–179. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31814252f8. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

176. Mohamed AE, Yasawy MI, Karawi MAA. Combined albendazole and praziquantel versus albendazole alone in the treatment of hydatid disease. Hepatogastroenterology. 1998;45:1690–1694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

177. Cobo F, Yarnoz C, Sesma B, Fralle P, Aizcorbe M, Trujillo R, Diaz-de-Liaño A, Ciga MA. Albendazole plus praziquantel versus albendazole alone as a pre-operative treatment in intra-abdominal hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Trop Med Int health. 1998;3:462–466. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00257.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

178. Mueller PR, Dawson SL, Ferrucci JT, Jr, Nardi GL. Hepatic echinococcal cyst: successful percutaneous drainage. Radiology. 1985;155:627–628. doi:10.1148/radiology.155.3.3890001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

179. Khuroo MS, Dar MY, Yattoo GN, Zargar SA, Javaid G, Khan BA, Boda MI. Percutaneous drainage versus albendazole therapy in hepatic hydatidosis: a prospective, randomized study. Gastroenterology. 1993;104:1452–1459. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90355-G. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

180. Khuroo MS, Wani NA, Javaid G, Khan BA, Yattoo GN, Shah AH, Jeelani SG. Percutaneous drainage compared with surgery for hepatic hydatid cysts. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:881–887. doi:10.1056/NEJM199709253371303. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

181. Smego RA, Jr, Bhatti S, Khaliq AA, Beg MA. Percutaneous aspiration-injection-reaspiration drainage plus albendazole or mebendazole for hepatic cystic echinococcosis: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1073–1083. doi:10.1086/378275. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

182. Örmeci N, Kalkan Ç, Karakaya F, Erden A, Köse KS, Tüzün AE, Deda X. Percutaneous treatment with the Örmeci technique of cystic echinococcosis: experience of single center. Gastroenterol Hepatol Open Access. 2020;11:223–230. doi:10.15406/ghoa.2020.11.00443. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

183. Heath DD, Chevis RAF. Mebendazole and hydatid cysts. Lancet. 1974;304:218–219. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91517-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

184. Bekhti A, Schaaps JP, Capron M, Dessaint JP, Santoro F, Capron A. Treatment of hepatic hydatid disease with mebendazole: preliminary results in four cases. Br Med J. 1977;2:1047–1051. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6094.1047. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

185. Verheyen A. Echinococcus granulosus: the influence of mebendazole therapy on the ultrastructural morphology of the germinal layer of hydatid cysts in humans and mice. Z Parazitenkd. 1982;67:55–65. doi:10.1007/BF00929514. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

186. Göçmen A, Toppare MF, Kiper N. Treatment of hydatid disease in childhood with mebendazole. Eur Respir J. 1993;6:253–257. https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/6/2/253. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

187. Salto E, Juárez E, Roiz MP, Abad J. Combined chemotherapy (mebendazole plus praziquantel) in patients with hydatidosis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1991;9:527–529. (in Spanish). https://europepmc.org/article/med/1822703. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

188. Vutova K, Mechkov G, Vachkov P, Petkov R, Georgiev P, Handjiev S, Ivanovh A, Todorov T. Effect of mebendazole on human cystic echinococcosis: the role of dosage and treatment duration. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1999;93:357–365. doi:10.1080/00034983.1999.11813432. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

189. Ammann RW, Fleiner-Hoffmann A, Grimm F, Eckert J. Long-term mebendazole therapy may be parasitocidal in alveolar echinococcosis. J Hepatol. 1998;29:994–998. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80129-3. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

190. Addiss D, Gamble CL, Garner P, Gelband H, Ejere HOD, Critchley JA. Albendazole for lymphatic filariasis. Cochrane Datab Syst Rev. 2005;4:CD003753. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003753.pub3. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

191. Kimura E, Penaia L, Spears GFS. The efficacy of annual single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate against diurnally subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in Samoa. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63:1097–1106. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

192. Ottesen EA, Ismail MM, Horton J. The role of albendazole in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today. 1999;15:382–386. doi:10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01486-6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

193. Moulia-Pelat JP, Glaziou P, Weil GJ, Nguyen LN, Gaxotte P, Nicolas L. Combination ivermectin plus diethylcarbamazine, a new effective tool for control lymphatic filariasis. Trop Med Parasitol. 1995;46:9–12. https://europepmc.org/article/med/7631132. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

194. Jayakody RL, De Silva CSS, Weerasinghe WMT. Treatment of bancroftian filariasis with albendazole: evaluation of efficacy and adverse reactions. Trop Biomed. 1993;10:19–24. [Google Scholar]

195. Addiss DA, Beach MJ, Streit TG, Lutwick S, LeConte FH, Lafontant JG, Hightower AW, Lammie PJ. Randomised placebo-controlled comparison of ivermectin and albendazole and in combination for Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in Haitian children. Lancet. 1997;350:480–484. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02231-9. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

196. Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Weil GJ, Nirmalan N, Jayasinghe KS, Abeyewickrema W, Rezvi Sheriff MH, Rajaratnam HN, Amarasekera N, de Silva DC, Michalski ML, Dissanaike AS. Efficacy of single dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998;92:94–97. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(98)90972-5. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

197. Horton J. The development of albendazole for lymphatic filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2009;103(suppl):33–40. doi:10.1179/000349809X12502035776595. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

198. Pion SDS, Chesnais CB, Awaca-Uvon NP, Vlaminck J, Abdou A, Kunyu-Shako B, Kuyangisa Simuna G, Tambwe JP, Weil GJ, Boussinesq M. The impact of four years of semiannual treatments with albendazole alone on lymphatic filariasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections: a community-based study in the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14:e0008322. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008322. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

199. Ottesen EA, Duke BO, Karam M, Behbehani K. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75:491–503. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

200. Shenoy RK, Dalia S, John A, Suma TK, Kumaraswami V. Treatment of the microfilaraemia of asymptomatic brugian filariasis with single doses of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine or albendazole, in various combinations. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1999;93:643–651. doi:10.1080/00034983.1999.11813467. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

201. Fischer P, Djuardi Y, Ismid IS, Rückert P, Bradley M, Supali T. Long-lasting reduction of Brugia timori microfilariae following a single dose of diethylcarbamazine combined with albendazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003;97:446–448. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(03)90086-1. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

202. Gyapong JO, Kumaraswami V, Biswas G, Ottesen EA. Treatment strategies underpinning the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;6:179–200. doi:10.1517/14656566.6.2.179. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

203. Tisch DJ, Michael E, Kazura JW. Mass chemotherapy options to control lymphatic filariasis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:514–523. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70192-4. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

204. Critchley J, Addiss D, Ejere H, Gamble C, Garner P, Helband H. Albendazole for the control and elimination of lymphatic filariasis: systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. 2005;10:818–825. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01458.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

205. Macfarlane CL, Budhahoki SS, Johnson S, Richardson M, Garner P. Albendazole along or in combination with microfilaricidal drugs for lymphatic filariasis (Review) Cochrane Datab Syst Rev. 2019;1:CD003753. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD00-3753.pib4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

206. Kar SK, Dwibedi B, Das BK, Agrawala BK, Ramachandran CP, Horton J. Lymphatic pathology in asymptomatic and symptomatic children with Wuchereria bancrofti infection in children from Odisha, India and its reversal with DEC and albendazole treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005631. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005631. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

207. Edi C, Bjerum CM, Ouattara AF, Chhonker YS, Penali LK, Méité A, Koudou BG, Weil GJ, King CL, Murry DJ. Pharmaco*kinetics, safety, and efficacy of a single co-administered dose of diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin in adults with and without Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Côte d’Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e0007325. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007325. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

208. Jambulingam P, Kuttiatt VS, Krishnamoorthy K, Subramanian S, Srividya A, Raju HKK, Rahi M, Somani RK, Suryaprakash MK, Dwivedi GP, Weil GJ. An open label, block randomized, community study of the safety and efficacy of co-administered ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole vs. diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole for lymphatic filariasis in India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15:e0009069. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009069. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

209. Turner JD, Mad S, Debrah AY, Muehlfeld J, Pfarr K, McGarry HF, Adjei O, Taylor MJ, ho*rauf A. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of a 3-week course of doxycycline plus albendazole and ivermectin for the treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1081–1089. doi:10.1086/501351. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

210. Sarma RVSN, Vallishayee RS, Rao RSN, Prabhakar R, Tripathy SP. Use of mebendazole in combination with DEC in bancroftian filariasis. Indian J Med Res. 1988;87:579–583. https://eprints.nirt.res.in/242/ [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

211. Awadzi K, Edwards G, Duke BOL, Opoku NO, Attah SK, Addy ET, Ardrey AE, Quartey BT. The co-administration of ivermectin and albendazole-safety, pharmaco*kinetics and efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2003;97:165–178. doi:10.1179/000349803235001697. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

212. Awadzi K, Hero M, Opoku O, Büttner DW, Gilles HM. The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis. XV. Studies with albendazole. Trop Med Parasitol. 1991;42:356–360. https://europepmc.org/article/med/1796233. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

213. Cline BL, Hernandez JL, Mather FJ, Bartholomew R, Maza SN, Rodulfo S, Welborn CA, Eberhard ML, Convit J. Albendazole in the treatment of onchocerciasis: double-blind clinical trial in Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992;47:512–520. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.512. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

214. Awadzi K, Addy ET, Opoku NO, Plenge-Bönig A, Büttner DW. The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis. XX. Ivermectin in combination with albendazole. Trop Med Parasitol. 1995;46:213–220. https://europepmc.org/article/med/8826100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

215. Batsa Debrah L, Klarmann-Schulz U, Osei-Mensah J, Dubben B, Fischer K, Mubarik Y, Ayisi-Boateng NK, Ricchiuto A, Fimmers R, Konadu P, Nadal J, Gruetzmacher B, Weil G, Kazura JW, King CL, Debrah AY, ho*rauf A. Comparison of repeated doses of ivermectin versus ivermectin plus albendazole for the treatment of onchocerciasis: a randomized, open-label, clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:933–943. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz889. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

216. Taylor MJ, ho*rauf A, Bockarie M. Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Lancet. 2010;376:1175–1185. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60586-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

217. Klarmann-Schulz U, Specht S, Debrah AY, Batsa L, Ayisi-Boateng NK, Osei-Mensah J, Mubarik Y, Konadu P, Ricchiuto A, Fimmers R, Arriens S, Dubben B, Ford L, Taylor M, ho*rauf A. Comparison of doxycycline, minocycline, doxycycline plus albendazole and albendazole alone in their efficacy against onchocerciasis in a randomized, open-label, pilot trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005156. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005156. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

218. Fischer PU, King CL, Jacobson JA, Weil GJ. Potential value of triple drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole (IDA) to accelerate elimination of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005163. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005163. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

219. Duke BOL. Mebendazole-ineffective against Onchocerca volvulus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1974;68:172. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(74)90199-0. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

220. Maertens K, Wéry M. Effect of mebendazole and levamisole on Onchocerca volvulus and Dipetalonema perstans. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1975;69:359–360. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(75)90134-0. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

221. Taylor HR, Awadzi K, George T, Schulz-Key H, Murphy RP. Fluorescein angiographic studies of mebendazole treatment for onchocerciasis. Trop Med Parasitol. 1985;36:7–11. https://europepmc.org/article/med/4001769. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

222. Rivas-Alcalá AR, Greene BM, Taylor HR, Domíguez-Vázquez A, Ruvalcaba-Macías AM, Lugo-Pfeiffer C, Mackenzie CD, Beltrán F. Chemotherapy of onchocerciasis: a controlled comparison of mebendazole, levamisole, and diethylcarbamazine. Lancet. 1981;318:485–490. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90880-1. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

223. Awadzi K, Schulz-Key H, Howells RE, Haddock DRW, Gilles HM. The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis. VIII. Levamisole and its combination with the benzimidazoles. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1982;76:459–473. doi:10.1080/00034983.1982.11687567. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

224. Awadzi K. Research notes from the Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1997;91:703–711. doi:10.1080/00034983.1997.11813193. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

225. Awadzi K, Edwards G, Opoku NO, Ardrey AE, Favager S, Addy ET, Attah SK, Yamuah LK, Quartey BT. The safety, tolerability and pharmaco*kinetics of levamisole alone, levamisole plus ivermectin, and levamisole plus albendazole, and their efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2004;98:595–614. doi:10.1079/000349804225021370. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

226. Klion AD, Massougbodji A, Horton J, Ekoué S, Lanmasso T, Ahouissou NL, Nutman TB. Albendazole in human loiasis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:202–206. doi:10.1093/infdis/168.1.202. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

227. Klion AD, Horton J, Nutman TB. Albendazole therapy for loiasis refractory to diethylcarbamazine treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:680–682. doi:10.1086/598654. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

228. Arrey-Agbor DB, Nana-Djeunga HC, Mogoung-Wafo AE, Mafo M, Danwe C, Kamgno J. Case report: probable case of spontaneous encephalopathy due to loiasis and dramatic reduction of Loa loa microfilaraemia with prolonged repeated courses of albendazole. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99:112–115. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0664. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

229. Gobbi F, Buonfrate D, Tamarozzi F, Degani M, Angheben A, Bisoffi Z. Efficacy of high-dose albendazole with ivermectin for treating imported loiasis, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25:1574–1576. doi:10.3201/eid2508.190011. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

230. Tabi TE, Befidi-Mengue R, Nutman TB, Horton J, Folefack A, Pensia E, Fualem R, Fogako J, Gwanmesia P, Quakyi I, Leke R. Human loiasis in a Cameroonian village: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial of a three-day albendazole regimen. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:211–215. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.211. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

231. Tsague-Dongmo L, Kamgno J, Pion SDS, Moyou-Somo R, Boussinesq M. Effects of a 3-day regimen of albendazole (800 mg daily) on Loa loa microfilaraemia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002;96:707–715. doi:10.1179/000349802125001933. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

232. Richard-Lenoble D, Komblia M, Burnier I, Maganga ML. Filariasis in Gabon: treatment with mebendazole of filariasis due to Mansonella perstans and Loa loa. Bull Soc Pathol Rxot Filial. 1985;78:485–491. (in French). https://europepmc.org/article/med/3865739. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

233. Burchard GD, Kern P. Failure of high dose mebendazole as a microfilaricide in patients with loiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81:420. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(87)90156-8. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

234. Van Hoegaerden M, Ivanoff B, Flocard F, Salle A, Chabaud B. The use of mebendazole in the treatment of filariasis due to Loa loa and Mansonella perstans. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1987;81:275–282. doi:10.1080/00034983.1987.11812120. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

235. Kamgno J, Roussinesq M. Effect of a single dose (600 mg) of albendazole on Loa loa microfilaraemia. Parasite. 2002;9:59–63. doi:10.1051/parasite/200209159. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

236. Pion S, Chesnais C. Loiasis. In: Marcondes CB, editor. Arthropod Borne Diseases. Springer; Switzerland: 2017. pp. 427–444. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

237. Ta-Tang TH, Crainey JL, Post RJ, Lutz SLB, Rubio JM. Mansonellosis: current perspectives. Res Rep Trop Med. 2018;9:9–24. doi:10.2147/RRTM.S125750. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

238. Puente S, Lago M, Subirats M, Sanz-Esteban I, Arsuaga M, Vicente B, Alonso-Sardon M, Behlhassen-Garcia M, Muro A. Imported Mansonella perstans infection in Spain. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9:105. doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00729-9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

239. Van den Enden E, Van Gompel A, Vervoort T, Van der Stuyft P, Van den Ende J. Mansonella perstans filariasis: failure of albendazole treatment. Ann Soc Belge Med Trop. 1992;72:215–218. http://dspace.itg.be/bitstream/handle/10390/4511/1992asbm0215.pdf?sequence=1. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

240. Lipani F, Caramello P, Biglino A, Sacchi C. Albendazole for the treatment of Mansonella perstans filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91:221. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90232-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

241. Duong TH, Kombila M, Ferrer A, Nguiri C, Richard-Lenoble D. Decrease in Mansonella perstans microfilaraemia after albendazole treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998;92:459. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(98)91093-8. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

242. Asio SM, Simonsen PE, Onapa AW. Mansonella perstans: safety and efficacy of ivermectin alone, albendazole alone and the two drugs in combination. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2009;103:31–37. doi:10.1179/136485909X384929. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

243. Asgeirsson H, Harling A, Botero-Kleiven S. Successful treatment of 2 imported cases of Mansonella perstans infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005452. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.005452. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

244. Debrah LB, Phillips RO, Pfarr K, Klarmann-Schulz U, Opoku VS, Nausch N, Owusu W, Mubarik Y, Sander AL, Lämmer C, Ritter M, Layland LE, Jacobsen M, Debrah AY, ho*rauf A. The efficacy of doxycycline treatment on Mansonella perstans infection: an open-label, randomized trial in Ghana. Am H Trop Med Hyg. 2019;101:84–92. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0491. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

245. Wahlgren M. The successful treatment of Dipetalonema perstans filariasis with mebendazole. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1982;76:557–559. doi:10.1080/00034983.1982.11687580. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

246. Wahlgren M, Frolov I. Treatment of Dipetalonema perstans infections with mebendazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1983;77:422. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(83)90179-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

247. Bregani ER, Rovellini A, Mbaidoum N, Magnini MG. Comparison of different anthelmintic drug regimens against Mansonella perstans filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100:458–463. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.009. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

248. Simón F, Siles-Lucas M, Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Mellado I, Carretán E, Montoya-Alonso JA. Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:507–544. doi:10.1128/CMR.00012-12. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

249. GheorghiŢă MI, ForŢofoiu MC, Dumitrescu CI, Dumitrescu D, Camen A, Mărgăritescu C. Intramuscular human Dirofilaria repens infection of the temporal region-case report and review of literature. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2017;58:585–592. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

250. Ermakova L, Nagorny S, Pschenichnaya N, Ambalov Y. Clinical and laboratory features of human dirofilariasis in Russia. IDCases. 2017;9:112–115. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2017.07.006. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

251. Moskvina TV, Ermolenko AV. Dirofilariasis in Russian Federation: a big problem with large distribution. Russ Open Med J. 2018;7:e0102. doi:10.15275/rusomj.2018.0102. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

252. Keiser J, Engels D, Buscher G, Utzinger J. Triclabendazole for the treatment of fascioliasis and paragonimiasis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2005;14:1513–1526. doi:10.1517/13543784.14.12.1513. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

253. Mas-Coma S, Velero MA, Bargues MD. Fascioliasis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1154:71–103. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_4. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

254. Ronald NC, Crag TM, Bell RR. A controlled evaluation of albendazole against natural infections with Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1979;40:1299–1300. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

255. Fetterer R, Rew RS, Knight R. Comparative efficacy of albendazole against Fasciola hepatica in sheep and calves: relationship to serum drug metabolite levels. Vet Parasitol. 1982;11:309–316. doi:10.1016/0304-4017(82)90099-1. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

256. Laird PP, Boray JC. Human fascioliasis successfully treated with triclabendazole. Aust N Z J Med. 1992;22:45–47. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1992.tb01708.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

257. Apt W, Aguilera X, Vega F, Miranda C, Zulantay I, Perez C, Gabor M, Apt P. Treatment of human chronic fascioliasis with triclabendazole: drug efficacy and serologic response. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;52:532–535. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1995.52.532. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

258. Zali AH, Ghaziani T, Shahraz S, Hekmatdoost A, Radmehr A. Liver, spleen, pancreas and kidney involvement by human fascioliasis: imaging findings. BMC Gastroenterol. 2004;4:15. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-4-15. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

259. Saba R, Korkmaz M, Inan D, Mamikoğlu L, Turhan O, Günseren F, Cevikol C, Kabaalioğlu A. Human fascioliasis. Human fascioliasis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:385–387. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00820.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

260. Robinson MW, Lawson J, Trudgett A, Hoey EM, Fairweather I. The comparative metabolism of triclabendazole sulphoxide by triclabendazole–susceptible and triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol Res. 2004;92:205–210. doi:10.1007/s00436-003-1003-6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

261. Arauco R, Zetola NM, Calderon F, Seas C. Human fascioliasis: a case of hyperinfection and an update for clinicians. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2007;4:305–312. doi:10.1089/fpg.2007.0001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

262. Liu YH, Wang XG, Gao P, Qian MX. Experimental and clinical trial of albendazole in the treatment of clonorchiasis sinensis. Chin Med J. 1991;104:27–31. https://europepmc.org/article/med/1879192. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

263. Jaroonvesma N, Charoenlarp K, Cross JH. Treatment of Opisthorchis viverrini with mebendazole. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1981;12:595–597. https://europepmc.org/article/med/7344109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

264. Pungpark S, Radomyos P, Radomyos B, Bunnag D. Albendazole treatment of minute intestinal fluke infections and opisthorchiasis. Parasitol Int. 1998;47(suppl):241. doi:10.1016/S1383-5769(98)80658-2. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

265. Cross JH, Basaca-Sevilla V. Studies on Echinostoma ilocanum in the Philippines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1986;17:23–27. https://europepmc.org/article/med/3090713. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

266. Edlind TD, Hang TL, Chakraborty PR. Activity of the anthelmintic benzimidazoles against Giardia lamblia in vitro. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:1408–1411. doi:10.1093/infdis/162.6.1408. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

267. Meloni BP, Thompson RCA, Reynoldson JA, Seville P. Albendazole: a more effective antigiardial agent in vitro than metronidazole or tinidazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84:375–379. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(90)90324-8. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

268. Reynoldson JA, Thompson RCA, Meloni BP. In vivo efficacy of albendazole against Giardia duodenalis in mice. Parasitol Res. 1991;77:325–328. doi:10.1007/BF00930909. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

269. Barr SC, Bowman DD, Heller RL, Erb HN. Efficacy of albendazole against giardiasis in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1993;54:926–928. https://europepmc.org/article/med/8323064. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

270. Oxberry ME, Thompson RCA, Reynoldson JA. Evaluation of the effects of albendazole and metronidazole on the ultrastructure of Giardia duodenalis, Trichom*onas vagin*lis and Spironucleus muris using transmission electron microscopy. Int J Parasitol. 1994;24:695–703. doi:10.1016/0020-7519(94)90123-6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

271. Cheng-i W. Parasitic diarrhoeas in China. Parasitol Today. 1988;4:284–287. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(88)90020-8. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

272. Hall A, Nahar Q. Albendazole as a treatment for infection with Giardia duodenalis in children in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993;87:84–86. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(93)90435-S. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

273. Escobedo AA, Hanevik K, Almirall P, Cimerman S, Alfonso M. Management of chronic Giardia infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12:1143–1157. doi:10.1586/14787210.2014.942283. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

274. Cacopardo B, Patamia I, Bonaccorso V, Paola O, Bonforte S, Brancati G. Synergic effect of albendazole plus metronidazole association in the treatment of metronidazole-resistant giardiasis. Clin Ther. 1995;146:761–767. (in Italian). https://europepmc.org/article/med/8681495. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

275. Mørch K, Hanevik K, Robertson LJ, Strand EA, Langeland N. Treatment-ladder and genetic characterization of parasites in refractory giardiasis after an outbreak in Norway. J Infect. 2008;56:268–273. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2008.01.013. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

276. Escobedo AA, Almirall P, Chirino E, Pacheco F, Duque A, Avila I. Treatment of refractory paediatric giardiasis using secnidazole plus albendazole: a case series. Infect Med. 2018;26:379–384. https://infezmed.it/media/journal/Vol_26_4_2018_14.pdf. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

277. Argüello-García R, Leitsch D, Skinner-Adams T, Ortega-Pierres MG. Drug resistance in Giardia: mechanisms and alternative treatments for giardiasis. Adv Parasitol. 2020;107:201–282. doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.003. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

278. Hutchison JG, Johnston NM, Plevey MV, Thankhiew I. Aidney C. Clinical trial of mebendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelminthic. Br Med J. 1975;2:309–310. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5966.309. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

279. Al-Waili NS, Al-Waili BH, Saloom KY. Therapeutic use of mebendazole in giardial infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988;82:438. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(88)90156-3. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

280. Gascon J, Corachán M. Mebendazole in giardial infections: a reply. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84:754. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(90)90180-M. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

281. Al-Waili NS, Hasan NU. Mebendazole in giardial infection: a comparative study with metronidazole. J Infect Dis. 1992;165:1170–1171. doi:10.1093/infdis/165.6.1170. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

282. Katiyar SK, Gordon VR, McLaughlin GL, Edlind TD. Antiprotozoal activities of benzimidazoles and correlations with β-tubulin sequence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:2086–2090. doi:10.1128/AAC.38.9.2086. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

283. Goodhew EB, Secor EV. Drug library screening against metronidazole-sensitive and metronidazole-resistant Trichom*onas vagin*lis isolates. Sex Transm Infect. 2013;89:479–484. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2013-051032. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

284. Juliano C, Martinotti MG, Cappuccinelli P. “In vitro” effect of microtubule inhibitors on Trichom*onas vagin*lis. Microbiologica. 1985;8:31–42. https://europepmc.org/article/med/3871893. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

285. Cañete R, Escobedo AA, Almirall P, González ME, Brito K, Cimerman S. Mebendazole in parasitic infections other than those caused by soil-transmitted helminths. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:437–442. https:/doi/org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.11.029. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

286. Pattman RS, Sprott MS, Kearns AM, Earnshaw M. Failure of mebendazole to cure trichom*onal vaginitis resistant to metronidazole: case reports. Genitourin Med. 1989;65:274–275. doi:10.1136/sti.65.4.274. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

287. McDonald LM, Armson A, Thompson RCA, Reynoldson JA. Characterisation of benzimidazole binding with recombinant tubulin from Giardia duodenalis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Mol Biochem parasitol. 2004;138:89–96. doi:10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.08.001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

288. Fayer R, Fetterer R. Activity of benzimidazoles against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal BALB/c mice. J Parasitol. 1995;81:794–795. doi:10.2307/3283980. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

289. Weiss LM. Chapter 109. Microsporidiosis. In: Ryan ET, Hill DR, Solomon T, Aronson NE, Endy TP, editors. Hunter’s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10th ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier; 2020. pp. 825–831. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

290. Blanshard C, Ellis DS, Tovey DG, Dowell S, Gazzard BG. Treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis with albendazole in patients with AIDS. AIDS. 1992;6:311–313. doi:10.1097/00002030-199203000-00009. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

291. Nacey CJ, Clarke AM, Fraser P, Metcalfe T, Bonsor G, Curry A. Chronic microsporidian infection of the nasal mucosae, sinuses and conjunctivae in HIV disease. Genitourin Med. 1992;68:179–181. doi:10.1136/sti.68.3.179. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

292. Deplazes P, Mathis A, Baumgartner R, Tanner I, Weber R. Immunologic and molecular characteristics of Encephalitozoon-like microsporidia isolated from humans and rabbits indicate that Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a zoonotic parasite. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:557–559. doi:10.1093/clinids/22.3.557. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

293. Hocevar SN, Paddock CD, Spak CW, Rosenblatt R, Diaz-Luna H, Castillo I, Luna S, Friedman GC, Antony S, Stoddard RA, Tiller RV, Peterson T, Blau DM, Sriam RR, da Silva A, de Almeida M, Benedict T, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Visvesvara GS, Kuehnert MJ. Microsporidiosis acquired through solid organ transplantation: a public health investigation. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:213–220. doi:10.7326/M13-2226. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

294. Dore GJ, Marriott DJ, Hing MC, Harkness JL, Field AS. Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Septata intestinalis in nine patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: response to therapy with albendazole. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:70–76. doi:10.1093/clinids/21.1.70. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

295. Dacha S, Pham D, Cai Q. Microsporidiosis: an unusual endoscopic finding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:37–38. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.08.030. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

296. Molina JM, Chastang C, Goguel J, Michiels JF, Sarfati C, Desportes-Livage I, Horton J, Derouin F, Modaï J. Albendazole for treatment and prophylaxis of microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon intestinalis in patients with AIDS: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:1373–1377. doi:10.1086/515268. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

297. Leder K, Ryan N, Spelman D, Crowe SM. Microsporidial disease in HIV-infected patients: a report of 42 patients and review of the literature. Scand J Infect Dis. 1998;30:331–338. doi:10.1080/00365549850160594. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

298. Tremoulet AH, Avila-Aguero ML, París MM, Canas-Coto A, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Faingezicht I. Albendazole therapy for Microsporidium diarrhea in immunocompetent Coasta Rican children. Ped Infect Dis J. 2004;23:915–918. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000141724.06556.f9. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

299. Molina JM, Sarfati C, Beauvais B, Lémann M, Lesourd A, Ferchal F, Casin I, Lagrange P, Modigliani R, Derouin F, Modal J. Intestinal microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic unexplained diarrhea: prevalence and clinical and biological features. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:217–221. doi:10.1093/infdis/167.1.217. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

300. Dieterich DT, Lew EA, Kotler DP, Poles MA, Orenstein JM. Treatment with albendazole for intestinal disease due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:178–183. doi:10.1093/infdis/169.1.178. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

301. Wichro E, Hoelzi D, Krause R, Bertha G, Reinthaler F, Wenisch C. Microsporidiosis in travel-associated chronic diarrhea in immune-competent patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:285–287. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.285. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

302. Galván AL, Sánchez AMM, Pérez Valentín MA, Henriques-Gil N, Izquierdo F, Fenoy S, del Aguila C. First cases of microsporidiosis in transplant recipients in Spain and review of the literature. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:1301–1306. doi:10.1128/JCM.01833-10. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

303. Molina JM, Goguel J, Sarfati C, Michiels JF, Desportes-Livage I, Balkan S, Chastang C, Cotte L, Maslo C, Struxiano A, Derouin F, Decazes JM. Trial of oral fumagillin for the treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with HIV infection. AIDS. 2000;14:1341–1348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

304. Lanternier F, Boutboul D, Menotti J, Chandesris MO, Sarfati C, Mamzer Bruneel MF, Calmus Y, Mechaï F, Viard JP, Lecuit M, Bougnoux ME, Lortholary O. Microsporidiosis in solid organ transplant recipient: two Enterocytozoon bieneusi cases and review. Transpl Infect Dis. 2009;11:83–88. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2008.00347.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

305. George B, Coates T, McDonald S, Russ G, Cherian S, Nolan J, Brealey J. Disseminated microsporidiosis with Encephalitozoon species in a renal transplant recipient. Nephrology. 2012;17(suppl):5–8. doi:10.1111/k.1440-1797.2012.01580.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

306. Boileau M, Ferreira J, Ahman I, Lavallee C, Qvarnstrom Y, Dufresne SF. Successful treatment of disseminated Anncalia algerae microsporidial infection with combination fumagillin and albendazole. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3:1–4. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw158. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

307. Katiyar SK, Edlind TD. In vitro susceptibilities of the AIDS-associated microsporidian Encephalitozoon intestinalis to albendazole, its sulfoxide metabolite, and 12 additional benzimidazole derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:2729–2732. doi:10.1128/AAC.41.12.2729. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

308. Morris DL, Smith PG. Albendazole in hydatid disease-hepatocellular toxicity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81:343–344. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(87)90259-8. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

309. Todorov T, Vutova K, Petkov D, Mechkov G, Kolev K. Albendazole treatment of human cystic echinococcosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81:343–344. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(88)90161-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

310. Yildiz BO, Haznedaroglu I, Cöplü L. Albendazole-induced amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Pharmacol. 1998;32:842. doi:10.1345/aph.17433. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

311. Polat C, Dervisoglu A, Hokelek M, Yetim I, Buyukkarabacak Y, Ozkutuk Y, Erzurumlu K. Dual treatment of albendazole in hepatic hydatidosis: new therapeutic modality in 52 cases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20:421–425. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03535.x. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

312. Ben Fredj N, Chaabane A, Chadly Z, Ben Fadhel N, Boughattas NA, Aouam K. Albendazole-induced associated acute hepatitis and bicytopenia. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014;46:149–151. doi:10.3109/00365548.2013.835068. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

313. Pourgholami MH, Szwajcer M, Chin M, Liauw W, Seef J, Galettis P, Morris DL, Links M. Phase I clinical trial to determine maximum tolerated dose of oral albendazole in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010;65:597–605. doi:10.1007/s00280-009-1157-8. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

314. Kim MK, Park HW, Kim WJ, Park CM, Hong JY, Cho SJ, Jang MK. A case of acute drug-induced hepatotoxicity after albendazole treatment. Korean J Intern Med. 2008;75:564–568. (in Korean). https://www.ekjm.org/journal/view.php?number=18621. [Google Scholar]

315. Choi GY, Yang HW, Cho SH, Kang DW, Go H, Lee WC, Lee YJ, Jung SH, Kim AN, Cha SW. Acute drug-induced hepatitis caused by albendazole. J Korean Med Sci. 2008;23:903–905. doi:10.3346/jkms.2008.23.5.903-5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

316. Marin Zuluaga JI, marin Castro AE, Perez Cadavid JC, Restrepo Guttierez JC. Albendazole-induced granulomatous hepatitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2013;7:201. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-7-201. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

317. Bilgic Y, Yilmaz C, Cagin YF, Atayan Y, Karadag N, Harputluoglu MMM. Albendazole induced recurrent acute toxic hepatitis: a case report. Acta Gastro-enterol Belg. 2017;80:309–311. https://www.ageb.be/Articles/Volume%2080%20(2017)/Fasc2/11-Bilgic.pdf. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

318. Narciso-Schiavon JL, Delziovo HA, Santos LEB, Shiozawa MBC, Schiavon LL. Recurrent albendazole-induced acute hepatitis. Rev Colomb Gastroenterol. 2018;33:463–467. doi:10.22516/25007440.206. (in Spanish). [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

319. Amoruso C, Fuoti M, Miceli V, Zito E, Celano MR, De Giorgi A, Nebbia G. Acute hepatitis as a side effect of albendazole: a pediatric case. Pediatr Med Chir. 2009;31:176–178. (in Italian). https://europepmc.org/article/med/19839402. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

320. Nandi M, Sarkar S. Albendazole-induced recurrent hepatitis. Indian Pediatr. 2013;50:1064. https://www.indianpediatrics.net/nov2013/1064-1065.pdf. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

321. Shah C, Mahapatra A, Shukla A, Bhatia S. Recurrent acute hepatitis caused by albendazole. Trop Gastroenterol. 2013;34:38–39. doi:10.7869/tg.2012.90. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

322. Grama A, Aldea CO, Burac L, Delean D, Bulata B, Sirbe C, Duca E, Boghitoiu D, Coroleuca A, Pop TL. Etiology and outcome of acute liver failure in children-The experience of a single tertiary care hospital from Romania. Children. 2020;7:282. doi:10.3390/children7120282. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

323. Batzlaff CM, Pupaibool J, Sohail MR. Acute renal failure associated with albendazole therapy in a patient with trichinosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014 doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-200668. bcr2013200668. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

324. Tolomeo M, Colomba C, Meli M, Cascio A. Hepatotoxicity caused by mebendazole in a patient with Gilbert’s syndrome. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2019;44:985–987. doi:10.1111/jcpt.13033. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

325. Seitz R, Schwerk W, Arnold R. Hepatocellular drug reaction caused by mebendazole therapy in cystic echinococcosis. Z Gastroenterol. 1983;21:324–329. (in German). https://europepmc.org/article/med/6613213. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

326. Bekhti A, Pirotte J. Hepatotoxicity of mebendazole. Relationship with serum concentrations of the drug. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1987;11:701–703. https://europepmc.org/article/med/3692093. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

327. Miskovitz PF, Javitt NB. Leukopenia associated with mebendazole therapy of hydatid disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980;29:1356–1358. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.1356. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

328. Chen KT, Twu SJ, Chang HJ, Lin RS. Outbreak of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with mebendazole and metronidazole use among Filipino laborers in Taiwan. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:489–492. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.3.489. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

329. Kwa MSG, Veenstra JG, Roos MH. Benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus is correlated with a conserved mutation at amino acid 200 in β-tubulin isotype 1. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1994;63:299–303. doi:10.1016/0166-6851(94)90066-3. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

330. De Clercq D, Sacko M, Behnke J, Gilbert F, Dorny P, Vercruysse J. Failure of mebendazole in treatment of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;57:25–30. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.25. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

331. Furtado LVF, Bello ACP, dos Santos HA, Carvalho MRS, Rabelo ÉML. First identification of the F200Y SNP in the β-tubulin gene linked to benzimidazole resistance in Ancylostoma caninum. Vet Parasitol. 2014;206:313–316. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.021. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

332. Jaeger LH, Carvalho-Costa FA. Status of benzimidazole resistance in intestinal nematode populations of livestock in Brazil: a systematic review. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13:358. doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1282-2. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

333. Furtado LFV, de Aguiar PHN, Zuccherato LW, Teixeira TTG, Alves WP, da Silva VJ, Gasser RB, Rabelo ÉML. Albendazole resistance induced in Ancylostoma ceylanicum is not due to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at codons 167, 198, or 200 of the beta-tubulin gene, indicating another resistance mechanism. Parasitol Res. 2019;118:837–849. doi:10.1007/s00436-019-06218-9. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

334. Geerts S, Gryseels B. Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: a review. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6:915–921. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00774.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

335. Albonico M, Wright V, Bickle Q. Molecular analysis of the β-tubulin gene of human hookworms as a basis for possible benzimidazole resistance on Pemba Island. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2004;134:281–284. doi:10.1016/j.molbiopara.2003.12.008. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

336. Bennett A, Guyatt H. Reducing intestinal nematode infections: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole. Parasitol Today. 2000;16:71–74. doi:10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01544-6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

337. Albonico M, Bickle Q, Ramsan M, Montresor A, Savioli L, Taylor M. Efficacy of mebendazole and levamisole alone or in combination against intestinal nematode infections after repeated targeted mebendazole treatment in Zanzibar. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81:343–352. https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2003.v81n5/343-352/en/ [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

338. Flohr C, Tuyen L, Lewis S, Minh TT, Campbell J, Britton J, Williams H, Hien TT, Farrar J, Quinnell RJ. Low efficacy of mebendazole against hookworm in Vietnam: two randomized controlled trials. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76:732–736. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.732. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

339. Humphries D, Mosites E, Otchere J, Twum WA, Woo L, Jones-Sanpei H, Harrison LM, Bungiro RD, Benham-Pyle B, Bimi L, Edoh D, Bosompem K, Wilson M, Cappello M. Epidemiology of hookworm infection in Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana: patterns of malaria coinfection, anemia, and albendazole treatment failure. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:792–800. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0003. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

340. Diawara A, Drake LJ, Suswillo RR, Kihara J, Bundy DAP, Scott ME, Halpenny C, Stothard JR, Prichard RK. Assays to detect β-tubulin codon 200 polymorphism in Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3:e397. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000397. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

341. Diawara A, Halpenny C, Churcher TS, Mwandawiro C, Kihara J, Kaplan RM, Streit TG, Idaghdour Y, Scott ME, Basáñez MG, Prichard RK. Association between response to albendazole treatment and β-tubulin frequencies in soil-transmitted helminths. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2247. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002247. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

342. Vercruysse J, Behnke JM, Albonico M, Ame SM, Angebault C, Bethony JM, Engels D, Guillard B, Nguyen TV, Kang G, Kattula D, Kotze AC, McCarthy JS, Mekonnen Z, Montresor A, Periago MV, Sumo L, Tchuenté LA, Dang TC, Zeynudin A, Levecke B. Assessment of the anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole in school children in seven countries where soil-transmitted helminths are endemic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e948. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000948. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

343. Schwab AE, Boakye DA, Kyelem D, Prichard RK. Detection of benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations in the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti and evidence for selection by albendazole and ivermectin combination treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:234–238. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.234. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

344. Upcroft J, Mitchell R, Chen N, Upcroft P. Albendazole resistance in Giardia is correlated with cytoskeletal changes but not with a mutation at amino acid 200 in β-tubulin. Microb Drug Resist. 1996;2:303–308. doi:10.1089/mdr.1996.2.303. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

345. Lacey E, Watson TR. Activity of benzimidazole carbamates against L1210 mouse leukaemia cells: correlation with in vitro tubulin polymerization assay. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985;34:3603–3605. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(85)90742-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

346. Rolin S, Amri HS, Batt AM, Levy M, Bagrel D, Siest G. Study of the in vitro bioactivation of albendazole in human liver microsomes and hepatic cell lines. Cell Biol Toxicol. 1989;5:1–14. doi:10.1007/BF00141060. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

347. Pourgholami MH, Cai ZY, Lu Y, Wang L, Morris DL. Albendazole; a potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor and malignant ascites formation in OVCAR-3 tumor-bearing nude mice. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:1928–1935. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1181. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

348. Ehteda A, Galettis P, Pillai K, Morris DL. Combination of albendazole and 2-methoxyestradiol significantly improves the survival of HCT-116 tumor-bearing nude mice. BMC Cancers. 2013;13:86. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-86. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

349. Javdan S, Nayeri H, Vaseghi G. Cytotoxic effect of albendazole on the breast cancer and melanoma. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2018;20:e9100. doi:10.5812/zjrms.9100. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

350. Priotti J, Baglioni V, García A, Rico MJ, Leonardi D, Lamas MC, Márquez MM. Repositioning of anti-parasitic drugs in cyclodextrin inclusion complexes for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. AAPS PharmEciTech. 2018;19:3734–3741. doi:10.1208/s12249-018-1169-y. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

351. Patel K, Doudican NA, Schiff PB, Orlow SJ. Albendazole sensitizes cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Radiat Oncol. 2011;6:160. doi:10.1186/1748-717X-6-160. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

352. Cho YK, Shin EY, Uehara H, Ambati B. Antiangiogenesis effect of albendazole on the cornea. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2019;35:1–8. doi:10.1089/jop.2018.0103. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

353. Zhang X, Zhao J, Gao X, Pei D, Gao C. Anthelmintic drug albendazole arrests human gastric cancer cells at the mitotic phase and induces apoptosis. Exp Ther Med. 2017;13:595–603. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3992. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] Retracted

354. Yang MH, Ha IJ, Um JY, Ahn KS. Albendazole exhibits anti-neoplastic actions against gastric cancer cells by affecting STAT3 and SATAT5 activation by pleiotropic mechanism(s) Biomedicines. 2021;9:362. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9040362. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

355. Ghasemi F, Black M, Vizeacoumar F, Pinto N, Ruicci KM, Le CCSH, Lowerison MR, Leong HS, Yoo J, Fung K, MacNeil D, Palma DA, Winquist E, Mymryk JS, Boutros PC, Datti A, Barrett JW, Nichols AC. Repurposing albendazole: new potential as a chemotherapeutic agent with preferential activity against HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8:71512–71519. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.17292. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

356. Zhang QL, Lian DD, Zhu MJ, Li XM, Lee JK, Yoon TJ, Lee JH, Jiang RH, Kim CD. Antitumor effect of albendazole on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. BioMed Res Int. 2019;2019:3689517. doi:10.1155/2019/3689517. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

357. Dogra N, Kumar A, Mukhopadhyay T. Fenbendazole acts as a moderate microtubule destabilizing agent and causes cancer cell death by modulating multiple cellular pathways. Sci Rep. 2018;8:11926. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30158-6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

358. Movahedi F, Li L, Gu W, Xu ZP. Nanoformulations of albendazole as effective anticancer and antiparasite agents. Nanomedicine. 2017;12:2555–2574. doi:10.2217/nnm-2017-0102. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

359. Racoviceanu R, Trandafirescu C, Voicu M, Ghiulai R, Borcan F, Dehelean C, Watz C, Aigner Z, Ambrus R, Coricovac DE, Cîrcioban D, Mioc A, Szuhanek CA, Şoica C. Solid polymeric nanoparticles of albendazole: synthesis, physico-chemical characterization and biological activity. Molecules. 2020;25:5130. doi:10.3390/molecules25215130. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

360. Mukhopadhyay T, Sasaki J, Ramesh R, Roth JA. Mebendazole elicits a potent antitumor effect on human cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:2963–2969. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

361. Sasaki J, Ramesh R, Chada S, Gomyo Y, Roth JA, Mukhopadhyay T. The anthelmintic drug mebendazole induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis by depolymerizing tubulin in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer Therapeut. 2002;1:1201–1209. https://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/1/13/1211.full-text.pdf. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

362. Martarelli D, Pompei P, Baldi C, Mazzoni G. Mebendazole inhibits growth of human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines implanted in nude mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008;61:809–817. doi:10.1007/s00280-007-0538-0. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

363. Doudican N, Rodriguez A, Osman I, Orlow SJ. Mebendazole induces apoptosis via Bcl-2 inactivation in chemoresistant melanoma cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2008;6:1308–1315. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-07-2159. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

364. Bai RY, Staedtke V, Aprhys CM, Gallia GL, Riggins GJ. Antiparasitic mebendazole shows survival benefit in 2 preclinical models of glioblastoma multiforme. Neuro-Oncology. 2011;13:974–982. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nor077. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

365. Nygren P, Fraknäs M, Ågerup B, Larsson R. Repositioning of the anthelmintic drug mebendazole for the treatment for colon cancer. J cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2013;139:2133–2140. doi:10.1007/s00432-013-1539-5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

366. De Witt M, Gamble A, Hanson D, Markowitz D, Powell C, Dimassi SA, Atlas M, Boockvar J, Ruggieri R, Symons M. Repurposing mebendazole as a replacement for vincristine for the treatment of brain tumors. Mol Med. 2017;23:50–56. doi:10.2119/molmed.2017.00011. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

367. Lai SR, Castello SA, Robinson AC, Koehler JW. In vitro anti-tubulin effects of mebendazole and fenbendazole in canine glioma cells. Vet Comp Oncol. 2017;15:1445–1454. doi:10.1111/vco.12288. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

368. Elayapillai S, Ramraj S, Benbrook DM, Bieniasz M, Wang L, Pathuri G, Isingizwe ZR, Kennedy AL, Zhao YD, Lightfoot S, Hunsucker LA, Gunderson CC. Potential and mechanism of mebendazole for treatment and maintenance of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2021;160:302–311. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.10.010. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

369. Rushworth LK, Hewit K, Munnings-Tomes S, Somani S, James D, Shanks E, Dufes C, Straube A, Patel R, Leung HY. Repurposing screen identifies mebendazole as a clinical candidate to synergise with docetaxel for prostate cancer treatment. Br J Cancer. 2020;122:517–527. doi:10.1038/s41416-019-0681-5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

370. Dobrosotskaya IY, Hammer GD, Schteingart DE, Maturen KE, Worden FP. Mebendazole monotherapy and long-term disease control in metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocr Pract. 2011;17:e59–e62. doi:10.4158/EP10390.CR. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

371. Nygren P, Larsson R. Drug repositioning from bench to bedside: tumor remission by the antihelmintic drug mebendazole in refractory metastatic colon cancer. Acta Oncol. 2014;53:427–428. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2013.844359. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update (2024)

FAQs

Does albendazole kill cancer cells? ›

Albendazole forms bundles of short microtubules that develop along the edges of the cells. In fact, MTAs are class of drugs currently used in chemotherapy. Albendazole can induce apoptosis by restricting the glucose metabolism pathway or targeting microtubules to exert anti-cancer activity.

Does albendazole kill all parasites? ›

Albendazole is also sometimes used to treat infections caused by roundworms, hookworms, threadworm, whipworm, pinworm, flukes, and other parasites (a plant or animal that lives within another living organism to receive some benefit). Talk to your doctor about the risks of using this medication for your condition.

What does mebendazole do for cancer? ›

MBZ significantly reduced breast metastasis to the lung and abolished metastasis to the liver in three preclinical breast cancer metastasis models [15]. Likewise, MBZ has been shown to have preclinical efficacy in treating pancreatic [3], lung [4,5], thyroid [6], breast [7], colorectal [8], and brain cancer [9,10,11].

What is albendazole and mebendazole used for? ›

Albendazole and mebendazole are most frequently prescribed for treatment of intestinal nematode infections (ascariasis, hookworm infections, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, and enterobiasis) and can also be used for intestinal tapeworm infections (taeniases and hymenolepiasis).

What is the success rate of albendazole? ›

Albendazole's unique broad-spectrum activity is exemplified in the overall cure rates calculated from studies employing the recommended doses for hookworm (78% in 68 studies: 92%, for A. duodenale in 23 studies and 75% for N. americanus in 30 studies), A. lumbricoides (95% in 64 studies), T.

What is the use of powerful medicines to destroy cancer cells? ›

Chemotherapy works against cancer by killing fast-growing cancer cells. Chemotherapy (also called chemo) is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells.

Is albendazole stronger than ivermectin? ›

Authors' conclusions. Ivermectin results in more people cured than albendazole, and is at least as well tolerated. In trials of ivermectin with thiabendazole, parasitological cure is similar but there are more adverse events with thiabendazole.

Does albendazole kill worms in the brain? ›

Descriptions. Albendazole is used to treat neurocysticercosis, an infection of the nervous system caused by pork tapeworms. This medicine is also used to treat cystic hydatid disease of the liver, lung, and peritoneum, an infection caused by dog tapeworms. Albendazole is used to treat infections caused by worms.

Is albendazole available in USA? ›

Albendazole is used to treat infections caused by worms. It works by keeping the worm from absorbing sugar (glucose), so that the worm loses energy and dies. This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription.

Why is mebendazole no longer available? ›

Why is Mebendazole discontinued? Mebendazole was discontinued in 2011 due to the poor tissue penetration of Mebendazole and the current availability of albendazole and not for safety or efficacy reasons, stated by the Federal Register determination.

Who should not take mebendazole? ›

Mebendazole is not suitable for some people. To make sure it's safe for you, tell a pharmacist or doctor if you: have ever had an allergic reaction to mebendazole or any other medicine. are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Can you take mebendazole long term? ›

There have been reports of neutropenia and agranulocytosis with mebendazole use at higher doses and with more prolonged durations of treatment, as in helminth infections. Elderly patients and patients with comorbid conditions like liver impairment and/or end-stage renal disease require close monitoring.

What foods should you avoid while taking albendazole? ›

Inform your pharmacist or doctor before using Albendazole if you are taking any other medications. Avoid grapefruit or grapefruit juice while taking this medication. Avoid Chinese Ginseng while taking this medication. You do not need to use laxatives or change your diet.

Is there anything stronger than mebendazole? ›

lumbricoides, albendazole is superior to mebendazole for treating hookworm, and mebendazole slightly outperforms albendazole with regard to treating T. trichiura. To achieve high CRs against hookworm and T. trichiura infections, triple dose regimens should be considered.

How expensive is mebendazole? ›

The average cost for 2 chewable tablets of 100mg of Emverm (mebendazole) is $1321.82 with a free GoodRx coupon. This is 23.57% off the average retail price of $1729.47.

What medication stops cancer cells from growing? ›

Types of cancer growth blockers
  • Tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) block chemical messengers (enzymes) called tyrosine kinases. ...
  • Proteasome inhibitors. ...
  • mTOR inhibitors. ...
  • PI3K inhibitors. ...
  • Histone deacetylase inhibitors. ...
  • Hedgehog pathway blockers. ...
  • BRAF and MEK inhibitors.

What is used in medicine to destroy cancer cells? ›

Gamma rays are dominantly used in medicines to destroy the cells that are cancer affected. The gamma rays do not harm the healthy cells, that is, why it is used to destroy the cancer cell. Therefore, the rays used in medicine to destroy cancer cells are Gamma rays.

What treatment kills cancer cells? ›

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).

Which type of medication is used to kill cancer cells? ›

Chemotherapy drugs are medicine you receive to kill cancer cells. There are different types of chemo drugs that work in different ways.

Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Twana Towne Ret

Last Updated:

Views: 6683

Rating: 4.3 / 5 (64 voted)

Reviews: 87% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Twana Towne Ret

Birthday: 1994-03-19

Address: Apt. 990 97439 Corwin Motorway, Port Eliseoburgh, NM 99144-2618

Phone: +5958753152963

Job: National Specialist

Hobby: Kayaking, Photography, Skydiving, Embroidery, Leather crafting, Orienteering, Cooking

Introduction: My name is Twana Towne Ret, I am a famous, talented, joyous, perfect, powerful, inquisitive, lovely person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.