Relationship between Added Sugars Consumption and Chronic Disease Risk Factors: Current Understanding (2024)

1. Gidding S.S., Lichtenstein A.H., Faith M.S., Karpyn A., Mennella J.A., Popkin B., Rowe J., Van Horn L., Whitsel L. Implementing american heart association pediatric and adult nutrition guidelines: A scientific statement from the american heart association nutrition committee of the council on nutrition, physical activity and metabolism, council on cardiovascular disease in the young, council on arteriosclerosis, thrombosis and vascular biology, council on cardiovascular nursing, council on epidemiology and prevention, and council for high blood pressure research. Circulation. 2009;119:1161–1175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Thomas M.C., Moran J., Forsblom C., Harjutsalo V., Thorn L., Ahola A., Waden J., Tolonen N., Saraheimo M., Gordin D., et al. The association between dietary sodium intake, esrd, and all-cause mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:861–866. doi:10.2337/dc10-1722. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

3. O’Donnell M., Mente A., Rangarajan S., McQueen M.J., Wang X., Liu L., Yan H., Lee S.F., Mony P., Devanath A., et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014;371:612–623. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1311889. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

4. Nakamura Y., Okamura T., Tamaki S., Kadowaki T., Hayakawa T., Kita Y., Okayama A., Ueshima H., Group N.D.R. Egg consumption, serum cholesterol, and cause-specific and all-cause mortality: The national integrated project for prospective observation of non-communicable disease and its trends in the aged, 1980 (nippon data80) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;80:58–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Van Buul V.J., Tappy L., Brouns F.J. Misconceptions about fructose-containing sugars and their role in the obesity epidemic. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2014;27:119–130. doi:10.1017/S0954422414000067. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

6. Tappy L., Lê K.-A. Health effects of fructose and fructose-containing caloric sweeteners: Where do we stand 10 years after the initial whistle blowings? Curr. Diab. Rep. 2015;15:1–12. doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0627-0. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

7. Kahn R., Sievenpiper J.L. Dietary sugar and body weight: Have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes?: We have, but the pox on sugar is overwrought and overworked. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:957–962. doi:10.2337/dc13-2506. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

8. Rippe J. Fructose, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Sucrose and Health. Humana Press; New York, NY, USA: 2014. [Google Scholar]

9. Rippe J. The metabolic and endocrine response and health implications of consuming sweetened beverages: Findings from recent, randomized, controlled trials. Adv. Nutr. 2013;4:677–686. doi:10.3945/an.113.004580. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

10. Rippe J.M., Angelopoulos T.J. Sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, and fructose, their metabolism and potential health effects: What do we really know? Adv. Nutr. 2013;4:236–245. doi:10.3945/an.112.002824. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

11. White J. Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: What it is and what it ain’t. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:1716S–1721S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825B. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

12. White J.S. Challenging the fructose hypothesis: New perspectives on fructose consumption and metabolism. Adv. Nutr. 2013;4:246–256. doi:10.3945/an.112.003137. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

13. Rippe J.M., Angelopoulos T.J. Fructose-containing sugars and cardiovascular disease. Adv. Nutr. 2015;6:430–439. doi:10.3945/an.114.008177. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

14. Bray G.A., Popkin B.M. Dietary sugar and body weight: Have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes?: Health be damned! Pour on the sugar. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:950–956. doi:10.2337/dc13-2085. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

15. Lustig R.H. Fructose: Metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2010;110:1307–1321. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.06.008. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

16. Rippe J.M., Angelopoulos T.J. Sugars and health controversies: What does the science say? Adv. Nutr. 2015;6:493S–503S. doi:10.3945/an.114.007195. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

17. Klurfeld D.M., Foreyt J., Angelopoulos T.J., Rippe J.M. Lack of evidence for high fructose corn syrup as the cause of the obesity epidemic. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2012;27:771–773. doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.157. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

18. American Dietetic Association Position of the American dietetic association: Use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2004;104:255–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Popkin B.M. The World Is Fat: The Fads, Trends, Policies, and Products That Are Fattening the Human Race. Penguin Group; New York, NY, USA: 2008. [Google Scholar]

20. DiNicolantonio J.J., Lucan S.C. The wrong white crystals: Not salt but sugar as aetiological in hypertension and cardiometabolic disease. Open Heart. 2014;1:e000167. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2014-000167. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

21. DiNicolantonio J.J., O’Keefe J.H., Lucan S.C. Added fructose: A principal driver of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its consequences. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2015;90:372–381. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.12.019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

22. Lucan S.C., DiNicolantonio J.J. How calorie-focused thinking about obesity and related diseases may mislead and harm public health. An alternative. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18:571–581. doi:10.1017/S1368980014002559. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

23. Olsen N.J., Heitmann B.L. Intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity. Obes. Rev. 2009;10:68–75. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00523.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

24. Malik V.S., Schulze M.B., Hu F.B. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:274–288. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Malik V.S., Popkin B.M., Bray G.A., Després J.-P., Hu F.B. Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation. 2010;121:1356–1364. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

26. Bray G.A. Fructose and risk of cardiometabolic disease. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2012;14:570–578. doi:10.1007/s11883-012-0276-6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

27. Marckmann P. Dietary treatment of thrombogenic disorders related to the metabolic syndrome. Br. J. Nutr. 2000;83(Suppl. 1):S121–S126. doi:10.1017/S0007114500001057. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

28. Bray G.A., Popkin B.M. Calorie-sweetened beverages and fructose: What have we learned 10 years later. Pediatr. Obes. 2013;8:242–248. doi:10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00171.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

29. Feig D., Soletsky B., Johnson R. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2008;300:924–932. doi:10.1001/jama.300.8.924. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

30. Nguyen S., Choi H.K., Lustig R.H., Hsu C.Y. Sugar-sweetened beverages, serum uric acid, and blood pressure in adolescents. J. Pediatr. 2009;154:807–813. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.015. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

31. Basu S., Yoffe P., Hills N., Lustig R.H. The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: An econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e57873. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057873. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

32. Goran M.I., Ulijaszek S.J., Ventura E.E. High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: A global perspective. Glob. Public Health. 2013;8:55–64. doi:10.1080/17441692.2012.736257. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

33. Clark J.M. The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2006;40:S5–S10. doi:10.1097/1001.mcg.0000168638.0000184840.ff. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

34. McCullough A. Update on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2002;34:255–262. doi:10.1097/00004836-200203000-00013. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

35. Stephan B.C., Wells J.C., Brayne C., Albanese E., Siervo M. Increased fructose intake as a risk factor for dementia. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2010;65:809–814. doi:10.1093/gerona/glq079. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

36. Cantley L.C. Cancer, metabolism, fructose, artificial sweeteners, and going cold turkey on sugar. BMC Biol. 2014;12:8. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-12-8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

37. Bartrina J.A., Rodrigo C.P. Aassociation between sucrose intake and cancer: A review of the evidence. Nutr. Hosp. 2013;4:95–105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Stanhope K., Griffen S., Bair B., Swarbrick M., Kelm N., Havel P. Twenty four hour endocrine and metabolic profiles following consumption of high-fructose corn syrup-, sucrose-, fructose-, and glucose-sweetened beverages with meals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:1194–1203. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Cox C.L., Stanhope K.L., Schwarz J.M., Graham J.L., Hatcher B., Griffen S.C., Bremer A.A., Berglund L., McGahan J.P., Havel P.J., et al. Consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks reduces net fat oxidation and energy expenditure in overweight/obese men and women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012;66:201–208. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.159. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

40. Stice E., Burger K.S., Yokum S. Relative ability of fat and sugar tastes to activate reward, gustatory, and somatosensory regions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013;98:1377–1384. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.069443. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

41. Lindqvist A., Mohapel P., Bouter B., Frielingsdorf H., Pizzo D., Brundin P., Erlanson-Albertsson C. High-fat diet impairs hippocampal neurogenesis in male rats. Eur. J. Neurol. 2006;13:1385–1388. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01500.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

42. Funari V.A., Herrera V.L., Freeman D., Tolan D.R. Genes required for fructose metabolism are expressed in purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2005;142:115–122. doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.09.019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

43. Miller C.C., Martin R.J., Whitney M.L., Edwards G.L. Intracerebroventricular injection of fructose stimulates feeding in rats. Nutr. Neurosci. 2002;5:359–362. doi:10.1080/1028415021000033839. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

44. Shu H.J., Isenberg K., Cormier R.J., Benz A., Zorumski C.F. Expression of fructose sensitive glucose transporter in the brains of fructose-fed rats. Neuroscience. 2006;140:889–895. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.071. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

45. Bray G. Energy and fructose from beverages sweetened with sugar or high-fructose corn syrup pose a health risk for some people. Adv. Nutr. 2013;4:220–225. doi:10.3945/an.112.002816. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

46. Te Morenga L., Mallard S., Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ. 2013;346:e7492. doi:10.1136/bmj.e7492. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

47. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) Carbohydrates and Health Report. The Stationery Office; London, UK: Sep 1, 2014. [Google Scholar]

48. Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. USDA; Washington, DC, USA: 2015. Advisory Report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Agriculture. [Google Scholar]

49. Johnson R., Appel L., Brands M., Howard B., Lefevre M., Lustig R., Sacks F., Steffen L., Wylie-Rosett J., American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation. 2009;120:1011–1020. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) [(accessed on 17 August 2016)]. Available online: http://www.Sign.Ac.Uk/guidelines/fulltext/50/

51. Lowndes J., Sinnett S., Pardo S., Nguyen V.T., Melanson K.J., Yu Z., Lowther B.E., Rippe J.M. The effect of normally consumed amounts of sucrose or high fructose corn syrup on lipid profiles, body composition and related parameters in overweight/obese subjects. Nutrients. 2014;6:1128–1144. doi:10.3390/nu6031128. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

52. Lowndes J., Kawiecki D., Pardo S., Nguyen V., Melanson K.J., Yu Z., Rippe J.M. The effects of four hypocaloric diets containing different levels of sucrose or high fructose corn syrup on weight loss and related parameters. Nutr. J. 2012;11:55–65. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-55. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

53. Lowndes J., Sinnett S., Yu Z., Rippe J. The effects of fructose-containing sugars on weight, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors when consumed at up to the 90th percentile population consumption level for fructose. Nutrients. 2014;6:3153–3168. doi:10.3390/nu6083153. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

54. Antar M.A., Little J.A., Lucas C., Buckley G.C., Csima A. Interrelationship between the kinds of dietary carbohydrate and fat in hyperlipoproteinemic patients. 3. Synergistic effect of sucrose and animal fat on serum lipids. Atherosclerosis. 1970;11:191–201. doi:10.1016/0021-9150(70)90057-2. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

55. Bantle J.P., Swanson J.E., Thomas W., Laine D.C. Metabolic effects of dietary sucrose in type ii diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:1301–1305. doi:10.2337/diacare.16.9.1301. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

56. Black R.N., Spence M., McMahon R.O., Cuskelly G.J., Ennis C.N., McCance D.R., Young I.S., Bell P.M., Hunter S.J. Effect of eucaloric high- and low-sucrose diets with identical macronutrient profile on insulin resistance and vascular risk: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes. 2006;55:3566–3572. doi:10.2337/db06-0220. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

57. Cooper P.L., Wahlqvist M.L., Simpson R.W. Sucrose versus saccharin as an added sweetener in non-insulin-dependent diabetes: Short- and medium-term metabolic effects. Diabet. Med. 1988;5:676–680. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1988.tb01079.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

58. Groen J.J., Balogh M., Yaron E., Cohen A.M. Effect of interchanging bread and sucrose as main source of carbohydrate in a low fat diet on the serum cholesterol levels of healthy volunteer subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1966;19:46–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Marckmann P., Raben A., Astrup A. Ad libitum intake of low-fat diets rich in either starchy foods or sucrose: Effects on blood lipids, factor vii coagulant activity, and fibrinogen. Metab. Clin. Exp. 2000;49:731–735. doi:10.1053/meta.2000.6237. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

60. Sorensen L.B., Raben A., Stender S., Astrup A. Effect of sucrose on inflammatory markers in overweight humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;82:421–427. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Stanhope K.L., Bremer A.A., Medici V., Nakajima K., Ito Y., Nakano T., Chen G., Fong T.H., Lee V., Menorca R.I., et al. Consumption of fructose and high fructose corn syrup increase postprandial triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein-b in young men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011;96:E1596–E1605. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1251. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

62. Tappy L., Le K. Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity. Physiol. Rev. 2010;90:23–46. doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2009. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

63. Sun S.Z., Empie M.W. Fructose metabolism in humans—What isotopic tracer studies tell us. Nutr. Metab. (Lond.) 2012;9:89. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-89. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

64. Hellerstein M.K., Schwarz J.M., Neese R.A. Regulation of hepatic de novo lipogenesis in humans. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1996;16:523–557. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.002515. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

65. Hellerstein M.K. No common energy currency: De novo lipogenesis as the road less traveled. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001;74:707–708. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Faeh D., Minehira K., Schwarz J.M., Periasamy R., Park S., Tappy L. Effect of fructose overfeeding and fish oil administration on hepatic de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes. 2005;54:1907–1913. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.7.1907. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

67. Schwarz J.M., Noworolski S.M., Wen M.J., Dyachenko A., Prior J.L., Weinberg M.E., Herraiz L.A., Tai V.W., Bergeron N., Bersot T.P., et al. Effect of a high-fructose weight-maintaining diet on lipogenesis and liver fat. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2015;100:2434–2442. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3678. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

68. Schwarz J.-M., Noworolski S.M., Wen M.J., Jones G.M., Sinclair E., Dyachenco A., Tai V., Alin M.V., Erkin-Cakmak A., Gugliucci A., et al. Isocaloric fructose restriction for 10 days reduces hepatic de novo lipogenesis and liver fat in obese Latino and African American children; Proceedings of the Endocrine Society’s 97th Annual Meeting and Expo; San Diego, CA, USA. 5–8 March 2015. [Google Scholar]

69. Sievenpiper J.L., de Souza R.J., Kendall C.W., Jenkins D.J. Is fructose a story of mice but not men? J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2011;111:219–220; author reply 220–212. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.12.001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

70. Melanson K.J., Summers A., Nguyen V., Brosnahan J., Lowndes J., Angelopoulos T.J., Rippe J.M. Body composition, dietary composition, and components of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese adults after a 12-week trial on dietary treatments focused on portion control, energy density, or glycemic index. Nutr. J. 2012;11:57. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-57. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

71. Stanhope K., Havel P. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:1733S–1737S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825D. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

72. Soenen S., Westerterp-Plantenga M.S. No differences in satiety or energy intake after high fructose corn syrup, sucrose, or milk preloads. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86:1586–1594. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Barclay A., Brand-Miller J. The Australian paradox: A substantial decline in sugars intake over the same timeframe that overweight and obesity have increased. Nutrients. 2014;6:663–664. doi:10.3390/nu6020663. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

74. Mozaffarian D., Hao T., Rimm E.B., Willett W.C., Hu F.B. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011;364:2392–2404. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1014296. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

75. Kaiser K.A., Shikany J.M., Keating K.D., Allison D.B. Will reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption reduce obesity? Evidence supporting conjecture is strong, but evidence when testing effect is weak. Obes. Rev. 2013;14:620–633. doi:10.1111/obr.12048. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

76. Sievenpiper J.L., de Souza R.J., Mirrahimi A., Yu M.E., Carleton A.J., Beyene J., Chiavaroli L., Di Buono M., Jenkins A.L., Leiter L.A., et al. Effect of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2012;156:291–304. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-4-201202210-00007. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

77. Malik V.S., Pan A., Willett W.C., Hu F.B. Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013;98:1084–1102. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.058362. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

78. Dolan L.C., Potter S.M., Burdock G.A. Evidence-based review on the effect of normal dietary consumption of fructose on development of hyperlipidemia and obesity in healthy, normal weight individuals. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2010;50:53–84. doi:10.1080/10408390903461426. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

79. Dolan L.C., Potter S.M., Burdock G.A. Evidence-based review on the effect of normal dietary consumption of fructose on blood lipids and body weight of overweight and obese individuals. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2010;50:889–918. doi:10.1080/10408398.2010.512990. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

80. Maersk M., Belza A., Stødkilde-Jørgensen H., Ringgaard S., Chabanova E., Thomsen H., Pedersen S.B., Astrup A., Richelsen B. Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: A 6-mo randomized intervention study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012;95:283–289. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.022533. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

81. Stanhope K., Schwarz J., Keim N., Griffen S., Bremer A., Graham J., Hatcher B., Cox C., Dyachenko A., Zhang W., et al. Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J. Clin. Investig. 2009;119:1322–1334. doi:10.1172/JCI37385. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

82. Cozma A.I., Sievenpiper J.L., de Souza R.J., Chiavaroli L., Ha V., Wang D.D., Mirrahimi A., Yu M.E., Carleton A.J., Di Buono M., et al. Effect of fructose on glycemic control in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1611–1620. doi:10.2337/dc12-0073. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

83. Ha V., Sievenpiper J.L., de Souza R.J., Chiavaroli L., Wang D.D., Cozma A.I., Mirrahimi A., Matthew E.Y., Carleton A.J., Dibuono M. Effect of fructose on blood pressure a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Hypertension. 2012;59:787–795. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.182311. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

84. Saris W.H., Astrup A., Prentice A.M., Zunft H.J., Formiguera X., Verboeket-van de Venne W.P., Raben A., Poppitt S.D., Seppelt B., Johnston S., et al. Randomized controlled trial of changes in dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio and simple vs complex carbohydrates on body weight and blood lipids: The carmen study. The carbohydrate ratio management in european national diets. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2000;24:1310–1318. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801451. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

85. Hall K.D., Heymsfield S.B., Kemnitz J.W., Klein S., Schoeller D.A., Speakman J.R. Energy balance and its components: Implications for body weight regulation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012;95:989–994. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.036350. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

86. Swinburn B., Sacks G., Ravussin E. Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the us epidemic of obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;90:1453–1456. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28595. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

87. Rippe J.M., Dysinger W.S., Rust R., Frank A., Blair S.N., Parkinson M. American college of lifestyle medicine expert panel discussion: The treat the cause movement. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2014;8:291–300. doi:10.1177/1559827614521987. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

88. United States Department of Agriculture-Economic Research Service . Loss-Adjusted Food Availability Data Series. USDA; Washington, DC, USA: 2013. Calories average daily per capita calories from the US food supply, adjusted for spoilage and other waste. [Google Scholar]

89. Sievenpiper J.L., Tappy L., Brouns F. Fructose as a driver of diabetes: An incomplete view of the evidence. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2015;90:984–988. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.04.017. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

90. Xi B., Li S., Liu Z., Tian H., Yin X., Huai P., Tang W., Zhou D., Steffen L.M. Intake of fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e93471. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093471. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

91. Tsilas C.S., de Souza R.J., Tawfik R., Blanco-Mejia S., Cozma A.I., Mirrahimi A., Jayalath V., Ha V., Beyene J., Kendall C.W.C., et al. No relation between total sugars intake and incident diabetes: A systematic review and meta-anaylsis of cohorts; Proceedings of the 32nd International Symposium on Diabetes and Nutrition; Reykjavik, Iceland. 25–27 June 2014. [Google Scholar]

92. The Interact Consortium, Consumption of sweet beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in European adults: Results from epic-interact. Diabetologia. 2013;56:1520–1530. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Janket S.-J., Manson J.E., Sesso H., Buring J.E., Liu S. A prospective study of sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1008–1015. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.4.1008. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

94. Hodge A.M., English D.R., O’Dea K., Giles G.G. Glycemic index and dietary fiber and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2701–2706. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2701. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

95. Meyer K.A., Kushi L.H., Jacobs D.R., Jr., Slavin J., Sellers T.A., Folsom A.R. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000;71:921–930. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Colditz G.A., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Rosner B., Willett W.C., Speizer F.E. Diet and risk of clinical diabetes in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992;55:1018–1023. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Aeberli I., Gerber P.A., Hochuli M., Kohler S., Haile S.R., Gouni-Berthold I., Berthold H.K., Spinas G.A., Berneis K. Low to moderate sugar-sweetened beverage consumption impairs glucose and lipid metabolism and promotes inflammation in healthy young men: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011;94:479–485. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013540. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

98. Aeberli I., Hochuli M., Gerber P.A., Sze L., Murer S.B., Tappy L., Spinas G.A., Berneis K. Moderate amounts of fructose consumption impair insulin sensitivity in healthy young men: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:150–156. doi:10.2337/dc12-0540. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

99. Moore M.C., Davis S.N., Mann S.L., Cherrington A.D. Acute fructose administration improves oral glucose tolerance in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1882–1887. doi:10.2337/diacare.24.11.1882. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

100. Lowndes J., Sinnett S., Rippe J. No change in oral glucose tolerance tests as a result of ten weeks of consumption of various fructose containing sugars or glucose; Proceedings of the Endocrine Society’s 96th Annual Meeting and Expo; Chicago, IL, USA. 21–24 June 2014. [Google Scholar]

101. Johnson R.K., Appel L.J., Brands M., Howard B.V., Lefevre M., Lustig R.H., Sacks F., Steffen L.M., Wylie-Rosett J. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation. 2009;120:1011–1020. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192627. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

102. Miller M., Stone N., Ballantye C., Bttiner V., Criqui M., Ginsberg H., Goldberg H., Howard W., Jacobson M., Kris Etherton P., et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation. 2011;123:2292–2333. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182160726. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

103. Livesey G., Taylor R. Fructose consumption and consequences for glycation, plasma triacylglycerol, and body weight: Meta-analyses and meta-regression models of intervention studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:1419–1437. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Wang D.D., Sievenpiper J.L., de Souza R.J., Cozma A.I., Chiavaroli L., Ha V., Mirrahimi A., Carleton A.J., Di Buono M., Jenkins A.L., et al. Effect of fructose on postprandial triglycerides: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Atherosclerosis. 2014;232:125–133. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

105. Archer E., Pavela G., Lavie C.J. The inadmissibility of what we eat in America and nhanes dietary data in nutrition and obesity research and the scientific formulation of national dietary guidelines. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2015;90:911–926. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.04.009. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

106. Yang Q., Zhang Z., Gregg E.W., Flanders W.D., Merritt R., Hu F.B. Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among us adults. JAMA Intern. Med. 2014;174:516–524. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13563. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

107. Stanhope K.L., Medici V., Bremer A.A., Lee V., Lam H.D., Nunez M.V., Chen G.X., Keim N.L., Havel P.J. A dose-response study of consuming high-fructose corn syrup–sweetened beverages on lipid/lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015 doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.100461. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

108. Stanhope K.L., Havel P.J. Fructose consumption: Potential mechanisms for its effects to increase visceral adiposity and induce dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2008;19:16–24. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3282f2b24a. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

109. Te Morenga L.A., Howatson A.J., Jones R.M., Mann J. Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effects on blood pressure and lipids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014;100:65–79. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.081521. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

110. Bremer A.A., Auinger P., Byrd R.S. Relationship between insulin resistance-associated metabolic parameters and anthropometric measurements with sugar-sweetened beverage intake and physical activity levels in us adolescents: Findings from the 1999–2004 national health and nutrition examination survey. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2009;163:328–335. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Dhingra R., Sullivan L., Jacques P.F., Wang T.J., Fox C.S., Meigs J.B., D’Agostino R.B., Gaziano J.M., Vasan R.S. Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation. 2007;116:480–488. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

112. Lenoir M., Serre F., Cantin L., Ahmed S.H. Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward. PLoS ONE. 2007;2:e698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000698. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

113. Ross A.P., Bartness T.J., Mielke J.G., Parent M.B. A high fructose diet impairs spatial memory in male rats. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2009;92:410–416. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.05.007. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

114. Messier C., Whately K., Liang J., Du L., Puissant D. The effects of a high-fat, high-fructose, and combination diet on learning, weight, and glucose regulation in c57bl/6 mice. Behav. Brain Res. 2007;178:139–145. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.12.011. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

115. De Silva A., Salem V., Matthews P.M., Dhillo W.S. The use of functional MRI to study appetite control in the CNS. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2012;2012:764017. doi:10.1155/2012/764017. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

116. Premack D. Human and animal cognition: Continuity and discontinuity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007;104:13861–13867. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706147104. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

117. Sarter M. Animal cognition: Defining the issues. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2004;28:645–650. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.005. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

118. Page K.A., Luo S., Romero A., Adam T.C., Hu H., Monterosso J. Fructose compared to glucose ingestion preferentially activates brain reward regions in response to high-calorie food cues in young, obese hispanic females. Endocrinol. Rev. 2012;33:1666. [Google Scholar]

119. Purnell J.Q., Klopfenstein B.A., Stevens A.A., Havel P.J., Adams S.H., Dunn T.N., Krisky C., Rooney W.D. Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging response to glucose and fructose infusions in humans. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2011;13:229–234. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01340.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

120. Pena-Gomez C., Alonso-Alonso M., Bravo S., Magerowski G., Sinnett S., Blackburn G., Rippe J. Hypothalamic fmri responses to different sugars under normal intake conditions: A pilot study; Proceedings of the Obesity Society 32nd Annual Scientific Meeting (NAASO); Atlanta, GA, USA. 11–17 November 2013. [Google Scholar]

121. Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S. The role of dopamine in motivation for food in humans: Implications for obesity. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets. 2002;6:601–609. doi:10.1517/14728222.6.5.601. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

122. Blum K., Braverman E.R., Holder J.M., Lubar J.F., Monastra V.J., Miller D., Lubar J.O., Chen T.J., Comings D.E. Reward deficiency syndrome: A biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. J. Psychoact. Drugs. 2000;32(Suppl. i–iv):1–112. doi:10.1080/02791072.2000.10736099. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

123. Lowndes J., Rippe J.M. No effect of sugar sweetened milk on performance of a battery of cognitive assessment tests. FASEB J. 2016;30:1160–1163. [Google Scholar]

124. Lowndes J., Angelopoulos T.J., Rippe J.M. No effect of sugar sweetened or diet beverages on performance of a battery of cognitive assessment tests. FASEB J. 2016;30:1160–1164. [Google Scholar]

125. Lustig R.H., Schmidt L.A., Brindis C.D. Public health: The toxic truth about sugar. Nature. 2012;482:27–29. doi:10.1038/482027a. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

126. Bocarsly M.E., Powell E.S., Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G. High-fructose corn syrup causes characteristics of obesity in rats: Increased body weight, body fat and triglyceride levels. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2010;97:101–106. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.02.012. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

127. Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G. Bingeing, withdrawal and craving: An animal model of sugar addiction. In: Gold M., Brownell K., editors. Food and Addiction: A Comprehension Handbook. Oxford University Press; New York, NY, USA: 2012. [Google Scholar]

128. Ziauddeen H., Farooqi I., Fletcher P. Obesity and the brain: How convincing is the addiction model? Nat. Rev. 2012;13:279–286. doi:10.1038/nrn3212. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

129. Benton D. The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders. Clin. Nutr. 2010;29:288–303. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

130. Corwin R.L.W., Hayes J.E. Are sugars addictive? Perspectives for practitioners. In: Rippe J., editor. Fructose, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Sucrose and Health. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 2014. pp. 199–215. [Google Scholar]

131. Slavin J. Two more pieces to the 1000-piece carbohydrate puzzle. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014;100:4–5. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.090423. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

132. Siri-Tarino P.W., Sun Q., Hu F.B., Krauss R.M. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010;91:535–546. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27725. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

133. De Oliveira Otto M.C., Mozaffarian D., Kromhout D., Bertoni A.G., Sibley C.T., Jacobs D.R., Jr., Nettleton J.A. Dietary intake of saturated fat by food source and incident cardiovascular disease: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012;96:397–404. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037770. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

134. Astrup A. A changing view on saturated fatty acids and dairy: From enemy to friend. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014;100:1407–1408. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.099986. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

135. Andon B., Anderson J. The oatmeal-cholesterol connection: 10 years later. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2008;2:51–57. doi:10.1177/1559827607309130. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

136. U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Report of the Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010. 7th ed. U.S. Government Printing Office; Washington, DC, USA: 2010. [Google Scholar]

Relationship between Added Sugars Consumption and Chronic Disease Risk Factors: Current Understanding (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Fr. Dewey Fisher

Last Updated:

Views: 6179

Rating: 4.1 / 5 (42 voted)

Reviews: 89% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Fr. Dewey Fisher

Birthday: 1993-03-26

Address: 917 Hyun Views, Rogahnmouth, KY 91013-8827

Phone: +5938540192553

Job: Administration Developer

Hobby: Embroidery, Horseback riding, Juggling, Urban exploration, Skiing, Cycling, Handball

Introduction: My name is Fr. Dewey Fisher, I am a powerful, open, faithful, combative, spotless, faithful, fair person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.