What causes polyphagia (hyperphagia)?
Polyphagia (extreme hunger) is a relatively uncommon symptom. It’s most often associated with undiagnosed or undertreated diabetes.
Other causes include:
- Other hormone-related conditions.
- Mental health conditions.
- Rare medical conditions.
Malnutrition in the form of undernutrition can also cause polyphagia. Undernutrition is a deficiency of nutrients. You may be undernourished if you don’t have an adequate diet, or if your body has trouble absorbing enough nutrients from your food.
Certain medications, such as corticosteroids and cannabinoids (cannabis-related drugs), can cause polyphagia, as well. Talk to your healthcare provider if you experience extreme hunger after starting a new medication.
Diabetes and polyphagia
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which your body doesn’t make enough or any insulin or your body doesn’t use the insulin properly. Insulin is an essential hormone that helps regulate your blood glucose (sugar) level. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in your blood, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
Glucose (sugar) is the main form of energy your body uses from the food you eat. Without enough insulin, your body can’t use glucose for energy. This lack of energy usage causes an increase in hunger.
The three main types of diabetes include:
- Type 1 diabetes (T1D): This is an autoimmune disease. In T1D, your immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas, destroying them. Your pancreas can no longer make insulin, so glucose builds up in your blood. Your body can’t use this glucose without insulin, so it starts rapidly breaking down fat and muscle for energy instead. This causes polyphagia with weight loss.
- Type 2 diabetes (T2D): If you have T2D, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or your body’s cells don’t respond normally to the insulin (insulin resistance). This is the most common type of diabetes. Polyphagia in T2D usually isn’t as apparent as it is in T1D because the hyperglycemia isn’t as extreme.
- Gestational diabetes: This type of diabetes results when hormones your placenta produces during your pregnancy make your body’s cells more resistant to insulin. Your pancreas can’t make enough insulin to overcome this resistance. You may not notice symptoms of gestational diabetes, like increased hunger and more frequent peeing.
Polyphagia is one of the main three signs of diabetes:
- Polyphagia (extreme hunger).
- Polydipsia (extreme thirst).
- Polyuria (frequent urination).
Healthcare providers often call these the “three Ps of diabetes.” Seek medical care as soon as possible if you’re experiencing these symptoms, especially if you’ve also experienced rapid weight loss. Untreated and undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes is fatal.
People with diabetes (especially T1D) can also experience polyphagia due to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) episodes. Hypoglycemia needs to be treated by consuming sugar (glucose) in order to get your blood sugar back into a healthy range. People without diabetes can experience hypoglycemia, as well.
Polyphagia and hormone-related conditions
Aside from diabetes, polyphagia can be a symptom of the following hormone-related conditions:
- Hyperthyroidism or Graves’ disease: In these conditions, your thyroid releases too much thyroid hormone, which plays a significant role in regulating your metabolism (how your body transforms the food you eat into energy). Elevated levels of thyroid hormone speed up your metabolism, which means your body is using calories faster than normal. This can cause constant hunger and weight loss.
- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): Premenstrual syndrome describes symptoms that show up one to two weeks before you start your period and return at the same time each month. One possible symptom is polyphagia. This is due to the spikes in the hormones estrogen and progesterone and decreased levels of serotonin (a neurotransmitter).
- Insulinoma: This is a rare tumor that forms in the endocrine cells in your pancreas — the cells that make the hormone insulin. The tumor causes your pancreas to release excess insulin, which results in low blood sugar. One of the main symptoms of hypoglycemia is insatiable hunger since your body needs sugar to get your blood sugar levels back in range.
Mental health conditions and polyphagia
Polyphagia can be a symptom of the following mental health conditions:
- Atypical depression: Atypical depression is a specific type of depression in which the symptoms stray from the traditional criteria. One key symptom of atypical depression is an increase in appetite, which often leads to weight gain.
- Stress: When you’re stressed, your body releases a surge of the hormone cortisol. Cortisol can increase your blood sugar level and make you hungry.
- Anxiety disorders: Anxiety can also cause elevated levels of cortisol, resulting in frequent hunger. Extreme hunger due to anxiety may also be an emotional response. Eating could be a coping mechanism to deal with negative emotions.
Rare medical conditions and polyphagia
Polyphagia is a symptom of the following rare conditions:
- Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS): This is a rare genetic condition that affects a child’s metabolism and causes changes in the child’s appearance and behavior. Around the age of 2 years, children with PWS develop polyphagia, resulting in weight gain.
- Kleine-Levin syndrome: This is an extremely rare condition that causes intermittent episodes where you sleep for long periods of time. These episodes involve other symptoms, including polyphagia.
