Diabetes epidemic sweeping the Arab world (2024)

1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 6th edition. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2013. Available from: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas. [Google Scholar]

2. American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. In 2007. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:596–615. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. World Health Organization. The World Health Statistics. 2008. Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.ht. [Google Scholar]

4. Al-Maskari F, El-Sadig M, Nagelkerke N. Assessment of the direct medical costs of diabetes mellitus and its complications in the United Arab Emirates. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:679. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Badran M, Laher I. Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Arabic-Speaking Countries. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:902873. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Moussa MA, Alsaeid M, Abdella N, Refai TM, Al-Sheikh N, Gomez JE. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Kuwaiti children and adolescents. Med Princ Pract. 2008;17:270–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Al-Rubeaan K. National surveillance for type 1, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes among children and adolescents: a population-based study (SAUDI-DM) J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69:1045–1051. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Bacchus RA, Bell JL, Madkour M, Kilshaw B. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in male Saudi Arabs. Diabetologia. 1982;23:330–332. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Fatani HH, Mira SA, el-Zubier AG. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia. Diabetes Care. 1987;10:180–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Al-Rubeaan K, Al-Manaa HA, Khoja TA, Ahmad NA, Al-Sharqawi AH, Siddiqui K, Alnaqeb D, Aburisheh KH, Youssef AM, Al-Batel A, et al. Epidemiology of abnormal glucose metabolism in a country facing its epidemic: SAUDI-DM study. J Diabetes. 2015;7:622–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Saydah S, Imperatore G, Linder B, Divers J, Bell R, Badaru A, Talton JW, Crume T, et al. Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. JAMA. 2014;311:1778–1786. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Zeitler P, Fu J, Tandon N, Nadeau K, Urakami T, Barrett T, Maahs D. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15 Suppl 20:26–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Abuyassin B, Laher I. Obesity-linked diabetes in the Arab world: a review. East Mediterr Health J. 2015;21:420–439. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2518–2539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Bonora E, Targher G, Formentini G, Calcaterra F, Lombardi S, Marini F, Zenari L, Saggiani F, Poli M, Perbellini S, et al. The Metabolic Syndrome is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study. Diabet Med. 2004;21:52–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Masuo K, Rakugi H, Ogihara T, Esler MD, Lambert GW. Cardiovascular and renal complications of type 2 diabetes in obesity: role of sympathetic nerve activity and insulin resistance. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2010;6:58–67. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Tobias DK, Pan A, Jackson CL, O’Reilly EJ, Ding EL, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB. Body-mass index and mortality among adults with incident type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:233–244. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Logue J, Walker JJ, Leese G, Lindsay R, McKnight J, Morris A, Philip S, Wild S, Sattar N. Association between BMI measured within a year after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and mortality. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:887–893. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Al-Shahrani A, Al-Khaldi Y. Obesity among diabetic and hypertensive patients in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Obes. 2013;1:14–17. [Google Scholar]

20. Alarouj M, Bennakhi A, Alnesef Y, Sharifi M, Elkum N. Diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk factors in the State of Kuwait: the first national survey. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67:89–96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Al-Moosa S, Allin S, Jemiai N, Al-Lawati J, Mossialos E. Diabetes and urbanization in the Omani population: an analysis of national survey data. Popul Health Metr. 2006;4:5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Bener A, Zirie M, Janahi IM, Al-Hamaq AO, Musallam M, Wareham NJ. Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in a population-based study of Qatar. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;84:99–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Abdul-Rahim HF, Husseini A, Giacaman R, Jervell J, Bjertness E. Diabetes mellitus in an urban Palestinian population: prevalence and associated factors. East Mediterr Health J. 2001;7:67–78. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Naja F, Hwalla N, Itani L, Salem M, Azar ST, Zeidan MN, Nasreddine L. Dietary patterns and odds of Type 2 diabetes in Beirut, Lebanon: a case-control study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012;9:111. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Elbagir MN, Eltom MA, Elmahadi EM, Kadam IM, Berne C. A population-based study of the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in adults in northern Sudan. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:1126–1128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Bouguerra R, Alberti H, Salem LB, Rayana CB, Atti JE, Gaigi S, Slama CB, Zouari B, Alberti K. The global diabetes pandemic: the Tunisian experience. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61:160–165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Kahan D. Prevalence and correlates of adult overweight in the Muslim world: analysis of 46 countries. Clin Obes. 2015;5:87–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Al-Nuaim AR. Prevalence of glucose intolerance in urban and rural communities in Saudi Arabia. Diabet Med. 1997;14:595–602. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Bos M, Agyemang C. Prevalence and complications of diabetes mellitus in Northern Africa, a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:387. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Martínez-González MA, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Nunez-Cordoba JM, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Beunza JJ, Vazquez Z, Benito S, Tortosa A, Bes-Rastrollo M. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of developing diabetes: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008;336:1348–1351. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M, Babio N, Martínez-González MÁ, Ibarrola-Jurado N, Basora J, Estruch R, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet: results of the PREDIMED-Reus nutrition intervention randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:14–19. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Fahimi S, Shi P, Powles J, Singh G, Yakoob MY, Abdollahi M, Al-Hooti S, et al. The impact of dietary habits and metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular and diabetes mortality in countries of the Middle East and North Africa in 2010: a comparative risk assessment analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e006385. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Sigal RJ, Armstrong MJ, Colby P, Kenny GP, Plotnikoff RC, Reichert SM, Riddell MC. Physical activity and diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2013;37 Suppl 1:S40–S44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. LaMonte MJ, Blair SN, Church TS. Physical activity and diabetes prevention. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005;99:1205–1213. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C, White RD. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1433–1438. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, Gregg EW, Yang W, Gong Q, Li H, Li H, Jiang Y, An Y, et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet. 2008;371:1783–1789. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Boulé NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA. 2001;286:1218–1227. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Bauman A, Bull F, Chey T, Craig CL, Ainsworth BE, Sallis JF, Bowles HR, Hagstromer M, Sjostrom M, Pratt M. The International Prevalence Study on Physical Activity: results from 20 countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6:21. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Al Subhi LK, Bose S, Al Ani MF. Prevalence of physically active and sedentary adolescents in 10 Eastern Mediterranean countries and its relation with age, sex, and body mass index. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12:257–265. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. World Health Organization. Fact sheet No. 310. 2014. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en. [Google Scholar]

41. Mokdad AH, Jaber S, Aziz MI, AlBuhairan F, AlGhaithi A, AlHamad NM, Al-Hooti SN, Al-Jasari A, AlMazroa MA, AlQasmi AM, et al. The state of health in the Arab world, 1990-2010: an analysis of the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. Lancet. 2014;383:309–320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Saidi O, O’Flaherty M, Mansour NB, Aissi W, Lassoued O, Capewell S, Critchley JA, Malouche D, Romdhane HB. Forecasting Tunisian type 2 diabetes prevalence to 2027: validation of a simple model. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:104. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Al-Quwaidhi AJ, Pearce MS, Sobngwi E, Critchley JA, O’Flaherty M. Comparison of type 2 diabetes prevalence estimates in Saudi Arabia from a validated Markov model against the International Diabetes Federation and other modelling studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103:496–503. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Bull F, Dvorak J. Tackling chronic disease through increased physical activity in the Arab World and the Middle East: challenge and opportunity. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:600–602. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Christine PJ, Auchincloss AH, Bertoni AG, Carnethon MR, Sánchez BN, Moore K, Adar SD, Horwich TB, Watson KE, Diez Roux AV. Longitudinal Associations Between Neighborhood Physical and Social Environments and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:1311–1320. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Tillin T, Sattar N, Godsland IF, Hughes AD, Chaturvedi N, Forouhi NG. Ethnicity-specific obesity cut-points in the development of Type 2 diabetes - a prospective study including three ethnic groups in the United Kingdom. Diabet Med. 2015;32:226–234. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Rahman Al-Nuaim A. Effect of overweight and obesity on glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia in Saudi Arabia, epidemiological study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1997;36:181–191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. el-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in diabetic and non-diabetic Saudis. East Mediterr Health J. 2000;6:276–282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Al-Nozha MM, Al-Maatouq MA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Harthi SS, Arafah MR, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, Al-Khadra A, Al-Marzouki K, Nouh MS, et al. Diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2004;25:1603–1610. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Almajwal AM, Al-Baghli NA, Batterham MJ, Williams PG, Al-Turki KA, Al-Ghamdi AJ. Performance of body mass index in predicting diabetes and hypertension in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2009;29:437–445. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Al-Rubeaan K, Al-Manaa H, Khoja T, Ahmad N, Al-Sharqawi A, Siddiqui K, AlNaqeb D, Aburisheh K, Youssef A, Al-Batil A, et al. The Saudi Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes Impact Study (SAUDI-DM) Ann Saudi Med. 2014;34:465–475. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. El Bcheraoui C, Basulaiman M, Tuffaha M, Daoud F, Robinson M, Jaber S, Mikhitarian S, Memish ZA, Al Saeedi M, AlMazroa MA, et al. Status of the diabetes epidemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013. Int J Public Health. 2014;59:1011–1021. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Abdella N, Khogali M, al-Ali S, Gumaa K, Bajaj J. Known type 2 diabetes mellitus among the Kuwaiti population. A prevalence study. Acta Diabetol. 1996;33:145–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Al Khalaf MM, Eid MM, Najjar HA, Alhajry KM, Doi SA, Thalib L. Screening for diabetes in Kuwait and evaluation of risk scores. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16:725–731. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Al Zurba FI, Al Garf A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Bahrainis attending primary health care centres. East Mediterr Health J. 1996;2:274–282. [Google Scholar]

56. Malik M, Bakir A, Saab BA, King H. Glucose intolerance and associated factors in the multi-ethnic population of the United Arab Emirates: results of a national survey. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;69:188–195. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Saadi H, Carruthers SG, Nagelkerke N, Al-Maskari F, Afandi B, Reed R, Lukic M, Nicholls MG, Kazam E, Algawi K, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its complications in a population-based sample in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;78:369–377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Mansour AA, Al-Jazairi MI. Predictors of incident diabetes mellitus in Basrah, Iraq. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51:277–280. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Mansour AA, Al-Maliky AA, Kasem B, Jabar A, Mosbeh KA. Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in adults aged 19 years and older in Basrah, Iraq. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014;7:139–144. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Al-Lawati JA, Panduranga P, Al-Shaikh HA, Morsi M, Mohsin N, Khandekar RB, Al-Lawati HJ, Bayoumi RA. Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus in Oman: Results from two decades of research. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2015;15:e226–e233. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Musaiger A, Shahbeek N. The relationship between obesity and prevalence of chronic diseases in the Arab women. J Hum Ecol Special Issue. 2005;13:97–100. [Google Scholar]

62. Al-Habori M, Al-Mamari M, Al-Meeri A. Type II Diabetes Mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in Yemen: prevalence, associated metabolic changes and risk factors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;65:275–281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Gunaid AA, Assabri AM. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors in a semirural area in Yemen. East Mediterr Health J. 2008;14:42–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Ajlouni K, Khader YS, Batieha A, Ajlouni H, El-Khateeb M. An increase in prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Jordan over 10 years. J Diabetes Complications. 2008;22:317–324. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Albache N, Al Ali R, Rastam S, Fouad FM, Mzayek F, Maziak W. Epidemiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Aleppo, Syria. J Diabetes. 2010;2:85–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Hirbli KI, Jambeine MA, Slim HB, Barakat WM, Habis RJ, Francis ZM. Prevalence of diabetes in greater Beirut. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1262. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Herman WH, Aubert RE, Engelgau MM, Thompson TJ, Ali MA, Sous ES, Hegazy M, Badran A, Kenny SJ, Gunter EW, et al. Diabetes mellitus in Egypt: glycaemic control and microvascular and neuropathic complications. Diabet Med. 1998;15:1045–1051. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Abolfotouh MA, Soliman LA, Mansour E, Farghaly M, El-Dawaiaty AA. Central obesity among adults in Egypt: prevalence and associated morbidity. East Mediterr Health J. 2008;14:57–68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Noor SK, Bushara SO, Sulaiman AA, Elmadhoun WM, Ahmed MH. Undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in rural communities in Sudan: prevalence and risk factors. East Mediterr Health J. 2015;21:164–170. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Ben Romdhane H, Ben Ali S, Aissi W, Traissac P, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Bougatef S, Maire B, Delpeuch F, Achour N. Prevalence of diabetes in Northern African countries: the case of Tunisia. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:86. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Kadiki OA, Roaeid RB. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in Benghazi Libya. Diabetes Metab. 2001;27:647–654. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Rguibi M, Belahsen R. Prevalence and associated risk factors of undiagnosed diabetes among adult Moroccan Sahraoui women. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9:722–727. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Jaber LA, Brown MB, Hammad A, Nowak SN, Zhu Q, Ghafoor A, Herman WH. Epidemiology of diabetes among Arab Americans. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:308–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Rissel C, Lesjak M, Ward J. Cardiovascular risk factors among Arabic-speaking patients attending Arabic-speaking general practitioners in Sydney, Australia: opportunities for intervention. Ethn Health. 1998;3:213–222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Thow AM, Waters AM. AIHW 2005. Diabetes in culturally and linguistically diverse Australians. Cat. No. CVD 30. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2005. [Google Scholar]

76. Punnose J, Agarwal MM, Bin-Uthman S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents in Al-Ain: a case series. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11:788–797. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Al-Agha A, Ocheltree A, Shata N. Prevalence of hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome among Saudi overweight and obese pediatric patients. Minerva Pediatr. 2012;64:623–631. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Ali BA, Abdallah ST, Abdallah AM, Hussein MM. The Frequency of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Diabetic Children in El Minia Governorate, Egypt. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2013;13:399–403. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Osman H, Elsadek N, Abdullah M. Type 2 diabetes in Sudanese children and adolescents. Sudan J Paediatr. 2013;13:17–23. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Ehtisham S, Barrett TG, Shaw NJ. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in UK children--an emerging problem. Diabet Med. 2000;17:867–871. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Al-Rubeaan K, Abu El-Asrar AM, Youssef AM, Subhani SN, Ahmad NA, Al-Sharqawi AH, Alguwaihes A, Alotaibi MS, Al-Ghamdi A, Ibrahim HM. Diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors in a society with a type 2 diabetes epidemic: a Saudi National Diabetes Registry-based study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015;93:e140–e147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Hajar S, Al Hazmi A, Wasli M, Mousa A, Rabiu M. Prevalence and causes of blindness and diabetic retinopathy in Southern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2015;36:449–455. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Al-Rubeaan K, Youssef AM, Subhani SN, Ahmad NA, Al-Sharqawi AH, Al-Mutlaq HM, David SK, AlNaqeb D. Diabetic nephropathy and its risk factors in a society with a type 2 diabetes epidemic: a Saudi National Diabetes Registry-based study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e88956. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Al-Rubeaan K, Al Derwish M, Ouizi S, Youssef AM, Subhani SN, Ibrahim HM, Alamri BN. Diabetic foot complications and their risk factors from a large retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0124446. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Wang DD, Bakhotmah BA, Hu FB, Alzahrani HA. Prevalence and correlates of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in a Saudi Arabic population: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e106935. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Al-Adsani AM. Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Kuwaiti type 2 diabetic patients. Saudi Med J. 2007;28:579–583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Al-Maskari F, El-Sadig M. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Ophthalmol. 2007;7:11. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Al-Salman RA, Al-Basri HA, Al-Sayyad AS, Hearnshaw HM. Prevalence and risk factors of albuminuria in Type 2 diabetes in Bahrain. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009;32:746–751. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Al-Mahroos F, Al-Roomi K. Diabetic neuropathy, foot ulceration, peripheral vascular disease and potential risk factors among patients with diabetes in Bahrain: a nationwide primary care diabetes clinic-based study. Ann Saudi Med. 2007;27:25–31. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Bener A, Al-Laftah F, Al-Hamaq AO, Daghash M, Abdullatef WK. A study of diabetes complications in an endogamous population: an emerging public health burden. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2014;8:108–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Elshafei M, Gamra H, Khandekar R, Al Hashimi M, Pai A, Ahmed MF. Prevalence and determinants of diabetic retinopathy among persons ≥ 40 years of age with diabetes in Qatar: a community-based survey. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2011;21:39–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Khandekar R, Al Lawatii J, Mohammed AJ, Al Raisi A. Diabetic retinopathy in Oman: a hospital based study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1061–1064. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Khandekar RB, Tirumurthy S, Al-Harby S, Moorthy NS, Amir I. Diabetic retinopathy and ocular co-morbidities among persons with diabetes at Sumail Hospital of Oman. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11:675–679. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Al-Lawati JA, N Barakat M, Al-Zakwani I, Elsayed MK, Al-Maskari M, M Al-Lawati N, Mohammed AJ. Control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a descriptive study from a middle eastern arab population. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2012;6:133–140. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Alrawahi AH, Rizvi SG, Al-Riyami D, Al-Anqoodi Z. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic nephropathy in omani type 2 diabetics in Al-dakhiliyah region. Oman Med J. 2012;27:212–216. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Al-Akily SA, Bamashmus MA, Gunaid AA. Causes of visual impairment and blindness among Yemenis with diabetes: a hospital-based study. East Mediterr Health J. 2011;17:831–837. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Bamashmus MA, Gunaid AA, Khandekar RB. Diabetic retinopathy, visual impairment and ocular status among patients with diabetes mellitus in Yemen: a hospital-based study. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2009;57:293–298. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Gunaid AA, El Khally FM, Hassan NA, Mukhtar el D. Demographic and clinical features of diabetes mellitus in 1095 Yemeni patients. Ann Saudi Med. 1997;17:402–409. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Al-Khawlani A, Atef ZA, Al-Ansi A. Macrovascular complications and their associated risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients in Sana’a city, Yemen. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16:851–858. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Rabiu MM, Al Bdour MD, Abu Ameerh MA, Jadoon MZ. Prevalence of blindness and diabetic retinopathy in northern Jordan. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2015;25:320–327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. Al-Bdour MD, Al-Till MI, Abu Samra KM. Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy among Jordanian Diabetics. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2008;15:77–80. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Al-Till MI, Al-Bdour MD, Ajlouni KM. Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment among Jordanian diabetics. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005;15:62–68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Jbour AS, Jarrah NS, Radaideh AM, Shegem NS, Bader IM, Batieha AM, Ajlouni KM. Prevalence and predictors of diabetic foot syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jordan. Saudi Med J. 2003;24:761–764. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Macky TA, Khater N, Al-Zamil MA, El Fishawy H, Soliman MM. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in Egypt: a hospital-based study. Ophthalmic Res. 2011;45:73–78. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Assaad-Khalil SH, Zaki A, Abdel Rehim A, Megallaa MH, Gaber N, Gamal H, Rohoma KH. Prevalence of diabetic foot disorders and related risk factors among Egyptian subjects with diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2015;9:297–303. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. Kahloun R, Jelliti B, Zaouali S, Attia S, Ben Yahia S, Resnikoff S, Khairallah M. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in diabetic patients in Tunisia, North Africa. Eye (Lond) 2014;28:986–991. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Elhwuegi AS, Darez AA, Langa AM, Bashaga NA. Cross-sectional pilot study about the health status of diabetic patients in city of Misurata, Libya. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12:81–86. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Diabetes epidemic sweeping the Arab world (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Pres. Lawanda Wiegand

Last Updated:

Views: 5931

Rating: 4 / 5 (71 voted)

Reviews: 94% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Pres. Lawanda Wiegand

Birthday: 1993-01-10

Address: Suite 391 6963 Ullrich Shore, Bellefort, WI 01350-7893

Phone: +6806610432415

Job: Dynamic Manufacturing Assistant

Hobby: amateur radio, Taekwondo, Wood carving, Parkour, Skateboarding, Running, Rafting

Introduction: My name is Pres. Lawanda Wiegand, I am a inquisitive, helpful, glamorous, cheerful, open, clever, innocent person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.