ImageAlessia Piscopo, Well with Nature/EEA
Europe has a great diversity of beautiful beaches and bathing areas, and each year millions of Europeans spend their weekends at their local beach or their holidays cooling down by the water. Bathing water quality at beaches across Europe improved significantly over the past few decades, and is now consistently good, thanks to EU policies and actions by Member States.
Be it a lake in Finland, an Aegean island or the Copenhagen harbour, every year millions of Europeans are enjoying a dip in the water, with the knowledge that the water is safe for bathers across Europe.
Thanks to EU legislation and effective implementation by Members States, the bathing water quality improved significantlyover the last four decades. Today 96% of EU bathing sites meet the minimum standards set by EU legislation.
The water we swim in can be polluted by bacteria Escherichia coli – or E. coli – and intestinal enterococci that may cause illness. Usually, these bacteria stem from untreated waste water or manure that end up in bathing waters e.g. following heavy rain. Improvement to bathing water quality is largely due to improved wastewater treatment.
Although most of Europe’s bathing waters are in excellent condition, pollution of surface and groundwater remains significant and may be exacerbated by the changing climate. Improving water resilience for people and for the environment in coming years will be key.
Member States monitor the quality of bathing water during the bathing season. This data is then reported, analysed and communicated in order to assess the overall water quality for a given bathing season. This assessment is a good indication of the bathing water quality for the coming season.
The assessment for the 2023 bathing season, including country fact sheets can be read here. For previous bathing seasons, you can find our assessments here.
Every year, we compile and assess the quality of bathing water across Europe for the preceding year. For bathing season 2023:
- The bathing water quality was monitored at 22,081 bathing sites across Europe.
- 96% of sites monitored met minimum water quality standards for E. coli and intestinal enterococci.
- Around 85% of waters had excellent quality.
- 1.6% of bathing waters in Europe were of poor quality.
The EEA assessment covers bathing waters in all EU Member States, Albania and Switzerland throughout 2023.
According to our assessment, coastal waters generally fare better than inland ones. In 2022, around 89% of the coastal bathing waters in the EU were classified as excellent compared with just under 79% of inland bathing waters.
Infour countries— Cyprus, Austria, Croatia and Greece —95% or more of bathing waters were of excellent quality. Moreover, in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Malta, Luxembourg and Romaniaall bathing watersassessed met at least the minimum standard of sufficient quality in 2023. The share of poor-quality waters has stabilised in recent years. In 2023,poor bathing waters constituted 1.5% of all sitesin the EU, compared to 1.9% in 2009.
The quality of Europe's bathing water has improved over past decades due to systematic monitoring and management introduced under the EU’sBathing Water Directiveand other EU environmental laws, like theUrban Waste Water Treatment Directive. A revised version of this directive has been agreed, with even stricter requirements to treat wastewater.
EU bathing water legislation specifies if bathing water quality can be classified as 'excellent', 'good', 'sufficient' or 'poor', depending on the levels of faecal bacteria.
The Bathing Water Directive looks at other types of pollution affecting water, too. If water is classified as 'poor', EU Member States should take certain measures, such as banning bathing or advising against it, providing information to the public, and taking corrective actions.
These rules have led to a drastic reduction of untreated or partially treated municipal and industrial wastewater found in bathing water. As a result, swimming is possible in many cities, even those that were previously heavily polluted.
The European Environment Agency compiles data submitted by Member States and other European countries and produces an annual assessment for the previous bathing season. Together with the European Commission, this assessment is communicated to the public ahead of the coming bathing season.
Press releases and articles
Publications
- European bathing water quality in 2023
- European bathing water quality in 2022
- Bathing water management in Europe: Successes and challenges
- State of Europe's Seas
Maps and charts
- State of bathing waters in 2023 interactive map
- Proportion of bathing waters with excellent quality in European countries in 2023
- Proportion of bathing waters with excellent quality in European countries in 2022
Datahub
- Bathing Water Directive - Status of bathing water
Country fact sheets
- State of bathing water: Country profiles
Frequently asked questions
- How is the water quality in my region?
- What are the dangers of chemical pollution in European waters?
Summer 2023
21,700+
bathing waters
assessed across European Union
85%
of bathing waters
had excellent quality
1.5%
of bathing waters
had poor quality
Dariusz Madziński, WaterPIX /EEA
Up for a swim: which EU country has the best water quality?
Details on all Member States' bathing waters for the2023season can be found in the national bathing water fact sheets.
Each report contains details on monitoring bathing water quality in the specific country and an assessment of the 2023 results and the trends in bathing water quality.
Proportion of bathing waters with excellent quality in European countries in 2023
Notes:The assessment covers 22,081 bathing waters in Europe that were reported to the EEA for the 2023 season. In the EU, there were a total of 21,766 bathing waters. Only 77% of bathing waters in Poland were assessed for quality. A significant share of these waters were newly identified and complete sets of samples, which would allow an assessment compliant with BWD requirements, were not available for classification.
Source:WISE bathing water quality database (data from 2023 annual reports by EU-27 Member States, Albania and Switzerland).
Check the quality of the bathing water near you.
Explore our map viewer and local data
ImageBAlžbeta Pupalová, WaterPIX/EEA
Marine litter: Where does it come from?
There are no surprises:land-based sourcesaccount for a massive80% of marine litterin Europe, and approximately 85% of it is plastic, according to the EEA web report'From source to sea—The untold story of marine litter.'Packaging and small plastic itemsmake up nearly 80% of this plastic waste.
The new EEA report is thefirst Europe-wide studyof its kind taking a holistic look at how this litter is created and ends up in our European seas via our rivers.
Jasmin Sessler on Unsplash
More information
Other topics you might be interested in:
- Environmental health impacts
- Health
- Nature
- Pollution
- Seas and coasts
- Water
External links:
- The European Commission's pages on the Bathing Water Directive